2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2359
    Chelerythrine
    		Inducer
    Chelerythrine is a natural alkaloid, acts as a potent and selective Ca2+/phospholopid-dependent PKC antagonist, with an IC50 of 0.7 μM. Chelerythrine has antitumor, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. Chelerythrine inhibits the BclXL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with IC50 of 1.5 μM and displaces Bax from BclXL. Chelerythrine triggers apoptosis and autophagy.
    Chelerythrine
  • HY-161746
    Anle138b-F105
    Anle138b-F105 is an autophagy targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) with DC50 values of 3 nM. Anle138b-F105 targetes tauP301L for lysosomal degradation.
    Anle138b-F105
  • HY-105037
    Forigerimod
    		Inhibitor
    Forigerimod (IPP-201101) is a CD4 T-cell modulator. Forigerimod is a 21-amino-acid fragment of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70 kDa that is phosphorylated at Ser140. Forigerimod can potently inhibit autophagy. Forigerimod can be used for the research of autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) .
    Forigerimod
  • HY-19934
    Pifusertib
    		Inducer
    Pifusertib (TAS-117) is a potent, selective, orally active allosteric Akt inhibitor (with IC50s of 4.8, 1.6, and 44 nM for Akt1, 2, and 3, respectively). Pifusertib triggers anti-myeloma activities and enhances fatal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by proteasome inhibition. Pifusertib induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Pifusertib
  • HY-12053AS
    Vinorelbine-d3 ditartrate
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Vinorelbine-d3 (ditartrate) is the deuterium labeled Vinorelbine ditartrate. Vinorelbine (ditartrate) is an anti-mitotic agent which inhibits the proliferation of Hela cells with IC50 of 1.25 nM.
    Vinorelbine-d<sub>3</sub> ditartrate
  • HY-13676R
    Megestrol acetate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Megestrol acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Megestrol acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Megestrol acetate is a synthetic and orally active progesteronal agent. Megestrol acetate is effective as an appetite stimulant for wasting syndromes such as cachexia. Megestrol acetate decreases nuclear and cytosol androgen receptors human BPH tissue. Megestrol acetate has the potential for HIV study and downregulates autophagic catabolic pathway.
    Megestrol acetate (Standard)
  • HY-N2365
    Macamide B
    		99.43%
    Macamide B (N-Benzylhexadecanamide; Macamide 1) is a macamide isolated from Lepidium meyenii, acts as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
    Macamide B
  • HY-13757S
    Tamoxifen-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.99%
    Tamoxifen-d3 hydrochloride is deuterated labeled Tamoxifen (Citrate) (HY-13757). Tamoxifen Citrate (ICI 46474) is an orally active, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which blocks estrogen action in breast cells and can activate estrogen activity in other cells, such as bone, liver, and uterine cells.Tamoxifen Citrate is a potent Hsp90 activator and enhances the Hsp90 molecular chaperone ATPase activity. Tamoxifen Citrate also potent inhibits infectious EBOV Zaire and Marburg (MARV) with IC50 of 0.1 μM and 1.8 μM, respectively. Tamoxifen Citrate activates autophagy and induces apoptosis.Tamoxifen Citrate also can induce gene knockout of CreER(T2) transgenic mouse.
    Tamoxifen-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-133485B
    Thalidomide-4-O-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-O-C8-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-N0262R
    Cordycepin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cordycepin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cordycepin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase.
    Cordycepin (Standard)
  • HY-50935S
    Troglitazone-d4
    		Inducer 98.19%
    Troglitazone-d4 is deuterium labeled Troglitazone. Troglitazone is a PPARγ agonist, with EC50s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively.
    Troglitazone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-12009S
    Pazopanib-13C,d3 hydrochloride
    Pazopanib-13C,d3 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium and 13C labeled Pazopanib hydrochloride[1]. Pazopanib Hydrochloride (GW786034 Hydrochloride) is a novel multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, FGFR1, and c-Fms with an IC50 of 10, 30, 47, 84, 74, 140 and 146 nM, respectively[2][3].
    Pazopanib-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-138784A
    Thalidomide-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-19312R
    3-Methyladenine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    3-Methyladenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Methyladenine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor. 3-Methyladenine is a widely used inhibitor of autophagy via its inhibitory effect on class III PI3K.
    3-Methyladenine (Standard)
  • HY-N0893R
    Tetrahydrocurcumin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tetrahydrocurcumin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tetrahydrocurcumin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tetrahydrocurcumin is a Curcuminoid found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) that is produced by the reduction of Curcumin. Tetrahydrocurcumin inhibit CYP2C9 and CYP3A4.
    Tetrahydrocurcumin (Standard)
  • HY-12222S1
    Obeticholic Acid-d4
    		99.84%
    Obeticholic Acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Obeticholic acid. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) is a potent, selective and orally active FXR agonist with an EC50 of 99 nM. Obeticholic acid has anticholeretic and anti-inflammation effect. Obeticholic acid also induces autophagy[1][2][3].
    Obeticholic Acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-B0394S
    Atropine-d5
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Atropine-d5 is the deuterium labeled Atropine (sulfate monohydrate). Atropine (Tropine tropate) sulfate monohydrate is a broad-spectrum and competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with anti-myopia effect[1].
    Atropine-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0168AS1
    (Rac)-Hesperetin-13C,d3
    		99.3%
    (Rac)-Hesperetin-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled (Rac)-Hesperetin. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin. Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation.
    (Rac)-Hesperetin-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0351R
    Taurine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Taurine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Taurine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes.
    Taurine (Standard)
  • HY-141793
    ATRA-biotin
    ATRA-biotin (Biotin-ATRA-conjugate) is a biotin-conjugated ATRA. ATRA-biotin can be used to track ATRA in cells or a given tissue.
    ATRA-biotin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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