2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0107R
    Acitretin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Acitretin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acitretin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) is a second-generation, systemic retinoid that has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. Acitretin also can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease.
    Acitretin (Standard)
  • HY-N0733S2
    Glucosamine-13C,15N hydrochloride
    Glucosamine-13C,15N (hydrochloride) is the 13C and 15N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, i
    Glucosamine-<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-N0089R
    Schisandrin B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Schisandrin B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Schisandrin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Schisandrin B (γ-Schisandrin) is a biphenylcyclooctadiene derivative isolated from Schisandra chinensis and has been shown to have antioxidant effects on the liver and heart of rodents.
    Schisandrin B (Standard)
  • HY-109083A
    Cilofexor tromethamine
    Cilofexor tromethamine (GS-9674 tromethamine) is a nonsteroidal farnesene oxide receptor agonist with activity in improving markers of cholestasis and liver injury. Cilofexor tromethamine was shown to be well tolerated in patients without cirrhosis and resulted in significant improvements in liver biochemical parameters and cholestatic markers. Cilofexor tromethamine offers a potential inhibitory option for the management of primary sclerosing cholangitis.
    Cilofexor tromethamine
  • HY-10260S2
    Vandetanib-13C6
    		Inducer
    Vandetanib-13C6 is a deuterated labeled Vandetanib. Vandetanib (D6474) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of VEGFR2/KDR tyrosine kinase activity (IC50=40 nM). Vandetanib also has activity versus the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR3/FLT4 (IC50=110 nM) and EGFR/HER1 (IC50=500 nM).
    Vandetanib-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-161482
    Alginic acid/BSA
    		Inducer
    Alginic acid/BSA is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
    Alginic acid/BSA
  • HY-B0091S
    Adapalene-d3
    Adapalene-d3 is the deuterium labeled Adapalene. Adapalene (CD271), a third-generation synthetic retinoid, is widely used for the research of acne. Adapalene is a potent RAR agonist, with AC50s of 2.3 nM, 9.3 nM, and 22 nM for RARβ, RARγ, RARα, respectively. Adapalene also inhibits the enzymatic activity of GOT1 in a non-competitive manner. Adapalene exhibits anti-tumor activity[1][2][3].
    Adapalene-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-134984A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C4-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C4-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C4-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0532AR
    Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride, an antipsychotic agent, acts by blocking central dopamine receptors. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent NUPR1 inhibitor exerting anticancer activity. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a calmodulin inhibitor, and also inhibits P-glycoprotein. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride can be used for the research of schizophrenia. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride acts as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis.
    Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-17589S
    Chloroquine-d5 diphosphate
    		Inhibitor
    Chloroquine-d5 (diphosphate) is the deuterium labeled Chloroquine (phosphate). Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC50=1.13 μM)[1][2][3][4].
    Chloroquine-d<sub>5</sub> diphosphate
  • HY-B0736
    Sertaconazole
    		Inducer
    Sertaconazole (FI7056 free base) is a broad-spectrum topical antifungal agent, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via activation of a p38-COX-2-PGE2 pathway. Sertaconazole is also a microtubule inhibitor, shows antiproliferative effect, induces apoptosis and autophagy, and can also inhibit the migration of cells.
    Sertaconazole
  • HY-N0047R
    Polyphyllin I (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Polyphyllin I (Standard) is the analytical standard of Polyphyllin I. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Polyphyllin I is a bioactive constituent extracted from Paris polyphylla, has strong anti-tumor activity. Polyphyllin I is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway and is an inhibitor of PDK1/Akt/mTOR signaling. Polyphyllin I induces autophagy, G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.
    Polyphyllin I (Standard)
  • HY-170594
    Antitumor agent-192
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-192 (Compound 2f) is a β-carboline antitumor agent. Antitumor agent-192 induces autophagy in HCT116 cells via the ATG5/ATG7 pathway. Antitumor agent-192 has an IC50 of less than 5 μM for human tumor cell lines and significantly inhibits tumor development and reduces tumor weight in a mouse colorectal cancer model transplanted with allografts[1].
    Antitumor agent-192
  • HY-150757
    Autophagy-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-2 (Compound 7h) is an autophagic flux inhibitor. Autophagy-IN-2 induces cancer cell apoptosis and can be used for triple-negative breast cancer research.
    Autophagy-IN-2
  • HY-10999S
    Trametinib-d4
    		Inducer
    Trametinib-d4 is the deuterium labeled Trametinib. Trametinib (GSK1120212; JTP-74057) is an orally active MEK inhibitor that inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 with IC50s of about 2 nM. Trametinib activates autophagy and induces apoptosis[1][2].
    Trametinib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-124132
    Autophagy-IN-4
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-4 (Compound 34) is an autophagy inhibitor, with an EC50 of 0.5 μM and a LD50 of 27 μM for U2OS cells.
    Autophagy-IN-4
  • HY-N0189R
    Aloe emodin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Aloe emodin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aloe emodin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.
    Aloe emodin (Standard)
  • HY-50898S1
    Lapatinib-d7 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib-d7 (dihydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Lapatinib dihydrochloride. Lapatinib (GW572016) dihydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively[1].
    Lapatinib-d<sub>7</sub> dihydrochloride
  • HY-161190
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-C-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-C2-OH can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-C2-OH
  • HY-10181G
    Dasatinib (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Dasatinib (BMS-354825) (GMP) is a GMP-grade Dasatinib (HY-10181). GMP-grade small molecules can be used as adjuvant agents in cell therapy. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is an orally active, ATP-competitive, dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Ki values ​​for Src and Bcr-Abl are 16 pM and 30 pM, respectively. Dasatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC50 values ​​of less than 1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib also induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Dasatinib (GMP)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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