2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0712R
    Typhaneoside (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Typhaneoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Typhaneoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Typhaneoside, extracted from Typha angustifolia L., Typhaneoside can inhibit the excessive autophagy of hypoxia/reoxygenation cells and increase the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. Typhaneoside has certain effects on the cardiovascular system, including lowering blood lipid levels, promoting antiatherosclerosis activities, as well as improving immune and coagulation function.
    Typhaneoside (Standard)
  • HY-77591R
    Cysteamine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Cysteamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cysteamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cysteamine hydrochloride (2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) is an orally active agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant.
    Cysteamine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-14249S1
    Bicalutamide-d5
    		Inducer
    Bicalutamide-d5 is deuterated labeled Bicalutamide (HY-14249). Bicalutamide is an orally active non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. Bicalutamide can be used for the research of prostate cancer.
    Bicalutamide-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-114392R
    Gly-β-MCA (Standard)
    Gly-β-MCA (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gly-β-MCA. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gly-β-MCA, a bile acid, is a potent, sable, intestine-selective and oral bioactive farnesoid X receptor (FXR) inhibitor that may be a candidate for the treatment of metabolic disorders[1].
    Gly-β-MCA (Standard)
  • HY-158794
    Lentztrehalose B
    Lentztrehalose B is a dehydroxylated analog of trehalose A, possessing antioxidant properties that can be used in research on neurodegenerative diseases and other autophagy-related conditions.
    Lentztrehalose B
  • HY-161468
    Thalidomide-N-C3-O-C4-O-C3-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-N-C3-O-C4-O-C3-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase and linker for the synthesis of Aster-A PROTAC degrader (HY-D2336).
    Thalidomide-N-C3-O-C4-O-C3-OH
  • HY-14187S1
    Amiodarone-d5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Amiodarone-d5 hydrochloride is deuterated labeled Amiodarone (HY-14187). Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM.
    Amiodarone-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-W010201R
    Citronellol (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Citronellol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citronellol. Citronellol (Standard) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol (Standard) can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol (Standard) can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol (Standard) can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol (Standard) exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol (Standard)
  • HY-163229
    (1r,4r)-Thalidomide-piperidine-N(Me)-CH-cyclohexane-NH-Boc
    		Inducer
    (1r,4r)-Thalidomide-piperidine-N(Me)-CH-cyclohexane-NH-Boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (1r,4r)-Thalidomide-piperidine-N(Me)-CH-cyclohexane-NH-Boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (1r,4r)-Thalidomide-piperidine-N(Me)-CH-cyclohexane-NH-Boc
  • HY-138849A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-163221
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-(1S,4r)-cyclohexane-N(Me)-Boc
    		Inducer
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-(1S,4r)-cyclohexane-N(Me)-Boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-(1S,4r)-cyclohexane-N(Me)-Boc can serve as Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-(1S,4r)-cyclohexane-N(Me)-Boc
  • HY-15296A
    Cabergoline diphosphate
    		Inducer
    Cabergoline diphosphate is an ergot derived-dopamine D2-like receptor agonist that has high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors (Ki=0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively).
    Cabergoline diphosphate
  • HY-173331
    Antitumor agent-201
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-201 (Compound 10) is a chloride transport activator that targets the Golgi apparatus. Its EC50 for promoting the transmembrane transport of chloride ions is 1.53 mol%, and its IC50 against HepG2 cells is 7.13 μM. Antitumor agent-201 exerts its anti-cancer activity by selectively acting on the Golgi apparatus, disrupting the chloride ion homeostasis within it, reducing the expression of key proteins such as GM130 and GRASP55, altering the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, triggering Autophagy of the Golgi apparatus, and further inducing Apoptosis of cancer cells and arresting cancer cells in the G2/M phase. Antitumor agent-201 can be used in the research field of cancer diseases.
    Antitumor agent-201
  • HY-W584524
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG2-COO(t-Bu) is a t-Bu modified Thalidomide (HY-14658), which acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein. The t-Bu protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG2-COO(t-Bu) can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG2-COO(t-Bu) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-N0716BR
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Berberine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine sulfate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine sulfate has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form improves bioavailability[1][2].
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-B0436R
    Salbutamol (hemisulfate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salbutamol (hemisulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salbutamol (hemisulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salbutamol Hemisulfate (Albuterol hemisulfate) is a short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist.
    Salbutamol (hemisulfate) (Standard)
  • HY-139062
    C6 Urea Ceramide
    		Inducer
    C6 Urea Ceramide (Cer(d18:1/6:0) Urea) is an inhibitor of neutral ceramidase. C6 Urea Ceramide increases total ceramide levels in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HT-29 colon cancer cells. C6 Urea Ceramide (5-10 μM) inhibits proliferation of HT-29 cells and induces apoptosis and autophagy, but is not toxic to non-cancerous cells. C6 Urea Ceramide decreases total and phosphorylated β-catenin levels in HT-29 and HCT116 cells, and induces colocalization of β-catenin with the 20S proteasome. C6 Urea Ceramide (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) reduced tumor growth and increased C16, C18, C20, and C24 ceramide levels in tumor tissues in the HT-29 mouse xenograft model.
    C6 Urea Ceramide
  • HY-B0146R
    Verteporfin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Verteporfin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Verteporfin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Verteporfin (CL 318952) is a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as age-related macular degeneration. Verteporfin is a YAP inhibitor which disrupts YAP-TEAD interactions. Verteporfin induces cell apoptosis. Verteporfinis an autophagy inhibitor that blocks autophagy at an early stage by inhibiting autophagosome formation.
    Verteporfin (Standard)
  • HY-N0504S1
    Lovastatin-d9
    Lovastatin-d9 is the deuterium labeled Lovastatin. Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol.
    Lovastatin-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-10224S
    Panobinostat-d4
    		Inducer
    Panobinostat-d4 is the deuterium labeled Panobinostat. Panobinostat (LBH589; NVP-LBH589) is a potent and orally active non-selective HDAC inhibitor, and has antineoplastic activities[1][2]. Panobinostat induces HIV-1 virus production even at low concentration range 8-31 nM, stimulates HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells[4]. Panobinostat induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Panobinostat can be used for the study of refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma[3].
    Panobinostat-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.