2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0957S
    Erythromycin ethylsuccinate-13C,d3
    		Inhibitor
    Erythromycin ethylsuccinate-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate has antiviral activity against HIV-1.
    Erythromycin ethylsuccinate-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0492AR
    Paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Paroxetine (hydrochloride hemihydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Paroxetine (hydrochloride hemihydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate is a potent selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, commonly prescribed as an antidepressant and has GRK2 inhibitory ability with IC50 of 14?μM.
    Paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate (Standard)
  • HY-B0006S2
    Carvedilol-d5
    		Inducer
    Carvedilol-d5 is deuterium labeled Carvedilol. Carvedilol (BM 14190) is a non-selective β/α-1 blocker[1]. Carvedilol inhibits lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 5 μM. Carvedilol is a multiple action antihypertensive agent with potential use in angina and congestive heart failure[2]. Carvedilol is an autophagy inducer that inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome[3].
    Carvedilol-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-134986
    Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2
  • HY-B0863S3
    Glyphosate-13C2,15N
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Glyphosate-13C2,15N is the 13C and 15N labled Glyphosate (HY-B0863). Glyphosate is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants.
    Glyphosate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-B0084S
    Dienogest-d4
    		Inducer
    Dienogest-d4 is deuterium labeled Dienogest.
    Dienogest-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-158108
    anti-TNBC agent-6
    		Inducer
    anti-TNBC agent-6 (compound pt-3) is a potent anti-TNBC agent. anti-TNBC agent-6 shows cytotoxic activity. anti-TNBC agent-6 induces autophagy and ferroptosis. anti-TNBC agent-6 enhances intracellular ROS accumulatio. anti-TNBC agent-6 shows anti tumor activity and has the potential for the research of breast cancer.
    anti-TNBC agent-6
  • HY-N0017R
    Bergenin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Bergenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bergenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bergenin is a cytoprotective and antioxidative polyphenol found in many medicinal plants. Bergenin has a wide spectrum activities such as hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal properties.
    Bergenin (Standard)
  • HY-10448AR
    Capsaicin (Purity 65%) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Capsaicin (Purity 65%) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Capsaicin (Purity 65%). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Capsaicin (Purity 65%) is a mixture of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin (Ratio >2:1).Capsaicin (Purity 65%) is an orally active capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) agonist.
    Capsaicin (Purity 65%) (Standard)
  • HY-B0401S1
    Tolbutamide-13C
    		Inducer
    Tolbutamide-13C is the 13C-labeled Tolbutamide. Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker, sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic agent.
    Tolbutamide-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-18754
    FR 167653 free base
    FR 167653 free base, an orally active and selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, is a potent suppressor of TNF-α and IL-1β production via specific inhibition of p38 MAPK activity. FR 167653 free base is effective in treating inflammation, relieving trauma and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.
    FR 167653 free base
  • HY-B1370E
    (R)-Hydroxychloroquine phosphate
    		Control
    (R)-Hydroxychloroquine ((R)-HCQ) phosphate is a (R)-isomer of Hydroxychloroquine (HY-W031727). (R)-Hydroxychloroquine inhibits the insulin metabolizing enzyme of cytosolic fraction of liver homogenates in healthy and diabetic rats.
    (R)-Hydroxychloroquine phosphate
  • HY-123056
    EAD1
    		Inhibitor
    EAD1 is a potent autophagy inhibitor with antiproliferative activity in lung and pancreatic cancer cells. EAD1 also induces apoptosis.
    EAD1
  • HY-157588
    (S)-Thalidomide-Piperazine-CH2-Pyrrolidine-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    E3 ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate 30 is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. E3 ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate 30 can serve as Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (S)-Thalidomide-Piperazine-CH2-Pyrrolidine-C2-OH
  • HY-B0407AR
    Chlorpromazine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Chlorpromazine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chlorpromazine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-transparent antipsychotic agent that effectively antagonises D2 dopamine receptors and 5-HT2A, which is widely used in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride exerts anti-cancer activity through a variety of pathways, including anti-proliferation, induction of autophagy and cycle arrest (G2-M phase), inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), inhibition of tumour growth and metastasis, and inhibition of tumour immune escape. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride also blocks hNav1.7 channels (IC50=25.9 μM; concentration-dependent) and HERG potassium channels (IC50=21.6 μM), which has potential for analgesic and cardiac arrhythmic studies. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride also can inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
    Chlorpromazine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-112328
    Fascaplysin
    		Inducer
    Fascaplysin is an antimicrobial and cytotoxic red pigment, that can come from the marine sponge (Fascaplysinopsis sp.). Fascaplysin has been synthesized in seven steps from indole (65% yield). Fascaplysin can induces apoptosis and autophagy in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Fascaplysin shows anti-tumor activity.
    Fascaplysin
  • HY-B1071AR
    Lasalocid (sodium) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lasalocid (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lasalocid (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lasalocid sodium (Lasalocid-A sodium) is an antibacterial agent.
    Lasalocid (sodium) (Standard)
  • HY-10475R
    AM580 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    AM580 (Standard) is the analytical standard of AM580. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. AM580 is a selective RARα agonist with IC50 and EC50 of 8 nM and 0.36 nM, respectively.
    AM580 (Standard)
  • HY-12222R
    Obeticholic acid (Standard)
    Obeticholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Obeticholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) is a potent, selective and orally active FXR agonist with an EC50 of 99 nM. Obeticholic acid has anticholeretic and anti-inflammation effect. Obeticholic acid also induces autophagy.
    Obeticholic acid (Standard)
  • HY-114405
    SJFδ
    SJFδ is a 10-atom linker PROTAC based on von Hippel-Lindau ligand. SJFδ degrades p38δ with a DC50 of 46.17 nM, but does not degrade p38α, p38β, or p38γ.
    SJFδ
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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