2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-14721A
    Tepotinib hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Tepotinib (EMD-1214063) hydrochloride is an orally active and highly selective, reversible, ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM, >200-fold selective for c-Met than IRAK4, TrkA, Axl, IRAK1, and Mer. Tepotinib hydrochloride inhibits c-Met phosphorylation and induces autophagy. Tepotinib hydrochloride has antitumor effects.
    Tepotinib hydrochloride
  • HY-N8034R
    Glychionide A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    3-Indoleacetic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Indoleacetic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Indoleacetic acid is is an IAA hormone and growth regulator that can promote plant nutritional growth through processes such as cell expansion, differentiation, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.
    Glychionide A (Standard)
  • HY-108239
    BIX-01294 trihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    BIX-01294 trihydrochloride is a reversible and highly selective G9a and GLP Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor, with IC50s of of 1.7 μM and 0.9 μM, respectively. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride inhibits G9a/GLP by competing for binding with the amino acids N-terminal of the substrate lysine residue. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride, a (1H-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl amine derivative, induces necroptosis and autophagy. BIX-01294 trihydrochloride has antitumor activity in recurrent tumor cells.
    BIX-01294 trihydrochloride
  • HY-12176A
    Aliskiren hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Aliskiren (CGP 60536; CGP60536B; SPP 100) hydrochloride is an orally active and selective renin inhibitor, with IC50 of 1.5 nM. Aliskiren hydrochloride can be used for the research of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer cachexia-.
    Aliskiren hydrochloride
  • HY-17464S
    Cilostazol-d11
    		Inducer
    Cilostazol-d11 is the deuterium labeled Cilostazol. Cilostazol (OPC 13013) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A, the isoform of PDE 3 in the cardiovascular system, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM[1][2].
    Cilostazol-d<sub>11</sub>
  • HY-N0168AS
    (Rac)-Hesperetin-d3
    (Rac)-Hesperetin-d3 is the deuterium labeled (Rac)-Hesperetin. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin. Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation.
    (Rac)-Hesperetin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0991S
    Amoxapine-d8
    		Inducer
    Amoxapine-d8 is the deuterium labeled Amoxapine. Amoxapine (CL-67772) is a norepinephrine reuptake blocker and a 5-HT2/5-HT3 antagonist. Amoxapine can be used for the research of depression. Amoxapine has antibacterial activity. Amoxapine can enhance the killing effect of macrophages on mycobacterium by inducing autophagy, while protecting the cells from death.
    Amoxapine-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-10585AS
    Valproic acid-d7 sodium
    		Inducer
    Valproic acid-d7 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid (sodium salt). Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium Valproate) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium salt activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches[1][2].
    Valproic acid-d<sub>7</sub> sodium
  • HY-132670S
    (R)-(-)-Felodipine-d5
    		Inducer
    (R)-(-)-Felodipine-d5 is the deuterium labeled (R)-(-)-Felodipine. (R)-(-)-Felodipine is the S enantiomer of Felodipine. Felodipine, a dihydropyridine, is a potent, vasoselective calcium channel antagonist. Felodipine lowers blood pressure (BP) by selective action on vascular smooth muscle, especially in the resistance vessels. Felodipine, an anti-hypertensive agent, induces autophagy. Felodipine can cross the blood-brain barrier[1][2][3].
    (R)-(-)-Felodipine-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-14397S1
    Indomethacin-d4 Methyl Ester
    		Inhibitor 98.38%
    Indomethacin-d4 Methyl Ester is the deuterium labeled Indomethacin. Indomethacin (Indometacin) is a potent, blood-brain permeable and nonselective inhibitor of COX1 and COX2, with IC50s of 18 nM and 26 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2, respectively, in CHO cells[1]. Indomethacin disrupts autophagic flux by disturbing the normal functioning of lysosomes[2].
    Indomethacin-d<sub>4</sub> Methyl Ester
  • HY-10448S1
    Capsaicin-d3
    		Inducer
    Capsaicin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Capsaicin. Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin), an active component of chili peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist. Capsaicin has pain relief, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection and anti-cancer effects[1][2].
    Capsaicin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0265S
    Nimodipine-d7
    		Inducer 99.35%
    Nimodipine-d7 is the deuterium labeled Nimodipine. Nimodipine (BAY-e 9736) is an orally active, well-tolerated and light-sensitive dihydropyridine calcium antagonist. Nimodipine can be used for the research of cerebrovascular disorders[1].
    Nimodipine-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-135811S
    Desethyl chloroquine-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Desethyl chloroquine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Desethyl chloroquine. Desethyl chloroquine is a major desethyl metabolite of Chloroquine. Chloroquine diphosphate is an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Desethyl chloroquine possesses antiplasmodic activity[1][2].
    Desethyl chloroquine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-13676S
    Megestrol acetate-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Megestrol acetate-d3 is the deuterium labeled Megestrol acetate. Megestrol acetate is a synthetic and orally active progesteronal agent. Megestrol acetate is effective as an appetite stimulant for wasting syndromes such as cachexia. Megestrol acetate decreases nuclear and cytosol androgen receptors human BPH tissue. Megestrol acetate has the potential for HIV study and downregulates autophagic catabolic pathway[1][2][3][4][5].
    Megestrol acetate-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0176S
    Dihydroartemisinin-d3
    		Inducer
    Dihydroartemisinin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Dihydroartemisinin. Dihydroartemisinin is a potent anti-malaria agent.
    Dihydroartemisinin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-14249S
    Bicalutamide-d4
    		Inducer
    Bicalutamide-d4 is the deuterium labeled Bicalutamide. Bicalutamide is an orally active non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. Bicalutamide can be used for the research of prostate cancer[1].
    Bicalutamide-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-130353S
    Desethyl Amiodarone-d4 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Desethyl Amiodarone-d4 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (N-desethylamiodarone hydrochloride) is a major active metabolite of Amiodarone. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride is formed by CYP3A isoenzymes. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM[1][2][3].
    Desethyl Amiodarone-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-10585S
    Valproic acid-d4
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Valproic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches[1][2].
    Valproic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-13677S
    6-Mercaptopurine-d2
    		Inhibitor
    6-Mercaptopurine-d2 is the deuterium labeled 6-Mercaptopurine. 6-Mercaptopurine is a purine analogue which acts as an antagonist of the endogenous purines and has been widely used as antileukemic agent and immunosuppressive agent[1][2].
    6-Mercaptopurine-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-12222S
    Obeticholic acid-d5
    Obeticholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Obeticholic acid. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) is a potent, selective and orally active FXR agonist with an EC50 of 99 nM. Obeticholic acid has anticholeretic and anti-inflammation effect. Obeticholic acid also induces autophagy[1][2][3].
    Obeticholic acid-d<sub>5</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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