2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0117A
    Tigecycline hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Tigecycline hydrochloride (GAR-936 hydrochloride) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. The mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline for E. coli (MG1655 strain) is approximately 125 ng/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 are 1 and 2 mg/L for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), respectively.
    Tigecycline hydrochloride
  • HY-A0089R
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Colistin (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic which inhibits gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard)
  • HY-B0594R
    Iohexol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Iohexol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Iohexol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Iohexol is a non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent used as a reference marker for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the level of renal function. Iohexol can be used for contrast in myelography, computerized tomography (cisternography, ventriculography) and MicroCT imaging.
    Iohexol (Standard)
  • HY-114293S
    Acetyl coenzyme A-13C2 lithium
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl coenzyme A-13C2 lithium is the 13C-labeled Acetyl coenzyme A (HY-114293). Radioactive isotopes labeled compounds can be used in metabolic analysis, allowing the movement of individual atoms to be precisely tracked and quantified.
    Acetyl coenzyme A-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> lithium
  • HY-12515AR
    Nicardipine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nicardipine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nicardipine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nicardipine hydrochloride (YC-93) is a calcium channel blocker with an IC50 of 1 μM for blocking cardiac calcium channels. Nicardipine hydrochloride acts as an agent for chronic stable angina and for controlling blood pressure.
    Nicardipine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-17567
    Heparin
    		Inhibitor
    Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Heparin significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.
    Heparin
  • HY-14598R
    Diethylstilbestrol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diethylstilbestrol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diethylstilbestrol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diethylstilbestrol (Stilbestrol) is a non-steroidal female hormone that has oral activity and can act on menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. Diethylstilbestrol can induce DNA oxidation and Apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells. Diethylstilbestrol can induce thymocyte Autophagy Diethylstilbestrol is a 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) inhibitor..
    Diethylstilbestrol (Standard)
  • HY-10341A
    Fasudil
    		Inducer
    Fasudil (HA-1077; AT877) is a nonspecific RhoA/ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. Fasudil is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator.
    Fasudil
  • HY-B0223R
    Albendazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Albendazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Albendazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Albendazole (SKF-62979) is an orally active and broad-spectrum parasiticide with high effectiveness and low host toxicity, is used for the research of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and animals. Albendazole induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Albendazole also inhibits tubulin polymerization and HIF-1α, VEGF expression, has antioxidant activity, and inhibits the glycolytic process in cancer cells.
    Albendazole (Standard)
  • HY-15388R
    Tazarotene (Standard)
    Tazarotene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tazarotene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tazarotene (AGN 190168) is a selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and acne vulgaris. Tazarotene is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Tazarotene (Standard)
  • HY-B0165
    Pravastatin
    		Activator
    Pravastatin (CS-514) is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor against sterol synthesis with IC50 of 5.6 μM.
    Pravastatin
  • HY-B0117B
    Tigecycline mesylate
    		Inducer
    Tigecycline mesylate (GAR-936 mesylate) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. The mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline for E. coli (MG1655 strain) is approximately 125 ng/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 are 1 and 2 mg/L for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), respectively.
    Tigecycline mesylate
  • HY-13995
    Sevelamer
    Sevelamer is a phosphate binding drug used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease; consists of polyallylamine that is crosslinked with epichlorohydrin.
    Sevelamer
  • HY-161743A
    PBA-1105 TFA
    		Inducer 99.58%
    PBA-1105 TFA is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) that induces p62 self-oligomerization. PBA-1105 TFA selectively binds to exposed hydrophobic regions of misfolded proteins, facilitating their degradation via the autophagic pathway. PBA-1105 TFA increases the autophagic flux of Ub-conjugated aggregates.
    PBA-1105 TFA
  • HY-136068
    DCAP
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    DCAP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic targeting the membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DCAP blocks autophagy at the late stages by preventing autophagolysosome maturation and interrupting the autophagic flux.
    DCAP
  • HY-17506S1
    Azithromycin-13C,d3
    		99.90%
    Azithromycin-13C,d3 is the deuterium and 13C labeled Azithromycin[1].
    Azithromycin-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10971A
    Alisertib sodium
    		Inducer
    Alisertib (MLN 8237) sodium is an orally active and selective Aurora A kinase inhibitor (IC50=1.2 nM), which binds to Aurora A kinase resulting in mitotic spindle abnormalities, mitotic accumulation. Alisertib sodium induces apoptosis and autophagy through targeting the AKT/mTOR/AMPK/p38 pathway in leukemic cells. Antitumor activity.
    Alisertib sodium
  • HY-50895B
    Gefitinib dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Gefitinib (ZD 1839) dihydrochloride is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib dihydrochloride selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib dihydrochloride also induces autophagy and cell apoptosis, which can be used for cancer related research, such as Lung cancer and breast cancer .
    Gefitinib dihydrochloride
  • HY-B0075S2
    Melatonin-d7
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Melatonin-d7 is the deuterium labeled Melatonin (HY-B0075). Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    Melatonin-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-17386B
    Rosiglitazone potassium
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) potassium is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone potassium is a TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone potassium can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone potassium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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