2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10529R
    Betulinic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Betulinic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Betulinic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.
    Betulinic acid (Standard)
  • HY-W012349
    2′-Hydroxychalcone
    		Inducer
    2′-Hydroxychalcone is a hydroxyl derivative of chalcones with anticancer activities. 2'-Hydroxychalcone inhibits NF-κB pathway and induces autophagy and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. 2′-Hydroxychalcone shows a better antifungal activity against the complex Paracoccidioides spp.
    2′-Hydroxychalcone
  • HY-B0329R
    Isoniazid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isoniazid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isoniazid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isoniazid (INH) is a proagent and must be activated by a bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme KatG. Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly dividing mycobacteria and has anti-tuberculostatic activity.
    Isoniazid (Standard)
  • HY-13756R
    Tacrolimus (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tacrolimus (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tacrolimus. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.
    Tacrolimus (Standard)
  • HY-10181R
    Dasatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dasatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dasatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a highly potent, ATP competitive, orally active dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Kis are 16 pM and 30 pM for Src and Bcr-Abl, respectively. Dasatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC50s of <1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib also induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Dasatinib (Standard)
  • HY-14721R
    Tepotinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tepotinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tepotinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tepotinib (EMD-1214063) is an orally active and highly selective, reversible, ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM, >200-fold selective for c-Met than IRAK4, TrkA, Axl, IRAK1, and Mer. Tepotinib inhibits c-Met phosphorylation. Tepotinib has antitumor effects.
    Tepotinib (Standard)
  • HY-13017B
    Ivacaftor hydrate
    Ivacaftor hydrate (VX-770 hydrate) is an orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator, used for cystic fibrosis treatment.
    Ivacaftor hydrate
  • HY-B1227R
    Carprofen (Standard)
    Carprofen (Standard) is the analytical standard of Carprofen. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Carprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a multi-target FAAH/COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 3.9 μM, 22.3 μM and 78.6 μM for COX-2, COX-1 and FAAH, respectively.
    Carprofen (Standard)
  • HY-100443B
    (R,R)-PX20606
    (R,R)-PX20606 is a FXR agonist with EC50s of 18 and 29 nM for FXR in FRET and M1H assay, respectively.
    (R,R)-PX20606
  • HY-114118S3
    Semaglutide-13C6,15N TFA
    		Activator
    Semaglutide-13C6,15N TFA is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Semaglutide TFA (HY-114118A). Semaglutide TFA is a long-acting, selective, competitive, orally active GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide TFA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide TFA also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide TFA has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide TFA can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide-13C6,15N TFA
  • HY-10219S1
    Rapamycin-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Rapamycin-13C,d3 (Sirolimus-13C,d3; AY-22989-13C,d3) is the 13C and deuterium labeled Rapamycin (HY-10219).Rapamycin is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
    Rapamycin-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-108257
    Atorvastatin sodium
    		Inducer
    Atorvastatin sodium is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin sodium inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively.
    Atorvastatin sodium
  • HY-N0156R
    Oleanolic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Oleanolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oleanolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.
    Oleanolic acid (Standard)
  • HY-B0671S3
    Vancomycin-d10 TFA
    		Inhibitor
    Vancomycin-d10 (TFA) is a deuterated labeled Vancomycin. Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections.
    Vancomycin-d<sub>10</sub> TFA
  • HY-15158A
    SBE13
    		Inducer
    SBE13 is a potent and selective Plk1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 200 pM; SBE13 poorly inhibits Plk2 (IC50>66 μM) or Plk3 (IC50=875 nM).
    SBE13
  • HY-14862
    Latrepirdine
    		Inducer
    Latrepirdine is a neuroactive compound with antagonist activity at histaminergic, α-adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Latrepirdine stimulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) catabolism and amyloid-β (Aβ) secretion.
    Latrepirdine
  • HY-50859
    Ruxolitinib sulfate
    		Inducer
    Ruxolitinib sulfate (INCB018424 sulfate) is the first potent, selective JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50s of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM, and has > 130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3.
    Ruxolitinib sulfate
  • HY-10260B
    Vandetanib hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Vandetanib hydrochloride (D6474 hydrochloride) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of VEGFR2/KDR tyrosine kinase activity (IC50=40 nM). Vandetanib hydrochloride also has activity versus the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR3/FLT4 (IC50=110 nM) and EGFR/HER1 (IC50=500 nM).
    Vandetanib hydrochloride
  • HY-N0538R
    Xylitol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Xylitol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Xylitol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Xylitol can be classified as polyols and sugar alcohols.
    Xylitol (Standard)
  • HY-14658B
    (R)-Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.80%
    (R)-Thalidomide ((R)-(+)-Thalidomide) is the R-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (R)-Thalidomide has psychomotor stabilizing properties.
    (R)-Thalidomide
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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