2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-132858
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-COOH
    		Inducer 99.14%
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-COOH is a E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-COOH
  • HY-B0144AS
    Pitavastatin-d4
    		99.09%
    Pitavastatin-d4 is deuterium labeled Pitavastatin. Pitavastatin is a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
    Pitavastatin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-13749S1
    Sitagliptin-d4 hydrochloride
    		99.22%
    Sitagliptin-d4 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Sitagliptin[1]. Sitagliptin (MK-0431) is a potent inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts[2].
    Sitagliptin-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-141010
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine
  • HY-10227S
    Bortezomib-d8
    		Modulator ≥98.0%
    Bortezomib-d8 is the deuterium labeled Bortezomib. Bortezomib (PS-341) is a reversible and selective proteasome inhibitor, and potently inhibits 20S proteasome (Ki=0.6 nM) by targeting a threonine residue. Bortezomib disrupts the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and inhibits NF-κB. Bortezomib is the first proteasome inhibitor anticancer agent. Anti-cancer activity[1][2].
    Bortezomib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-148230
    TFEB Decoy ODN sodium
    		Inhibitor
    TFEB Decoy ODN sodium is a synthetic oligonucleotide with a hairpin ring structure, which were designed to inhibit Transcription factor EB (TFEB). TFEB decoy ODN inhibited fibrosis and autophagy in a UUO mouse model. The TFEB decoy ODNs also showed anti-inflammatory effects.
    TFEB Decoy ODN sodium
  • HY-B1189S
    Meglutol-d3
    		98.04%
    Meglutol-d3 is the deuterium labeled Meglutol[1]. Meglutol is an antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids, and inhibits the activity of hydroxymethylglutarryl CoA reductases, which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
    Meglutol-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0261S2
    Meloxicam-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Meloxicam-13C,d3 is deuterium labeled Meloxicam. Meloxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, inhibits COX activity, with IC50s of 0.49 µM and 36.6 µM for COX-2 and COX-1, respectively.
    Meloxicam-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0159R
    Paeonol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Paeonol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Paeonol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Paeonol is an active extraction from the root of Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonol inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM, respectively.
    Paeonol (Standard)
  • HY-N0159S
    Paeonol-d3
    		Inducer 99.55%
    Paeonol-d3 is the deuterium-labeled Paeonol (HY-N0159).
    Paeonol-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-138846A
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-100709
    ZPCK
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    ZPCK is an oral active proagent of gemcitabine that was designed for improved oral bioavailability.
    ZPCK
  • HY-13511AR
    Rupatadine (Fumarate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rupatadine (Fumarate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rupatadine (Fumarate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rupatadine (UR-12592) Fumarate is a potent, orally active and long-lasting dual PAF/H1 antagonist, with Kis of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively. Rupatadine Fumarate can be used for the research of allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
    Rupatadine (Fumarate) (Standard)
  • HY-158985
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1
    		Inducer
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 (compound ) is a conjugate of a PEG Linker and a pyrazole-linked FBnG tag for ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) induction. Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 can be used to synthesize autophagy-targeting chimeras (AUTACs).
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1
  • HY-B0167S1
    Salicylic acid-13C6
    Salicylic acid-13C6 is the 13C-labeled Salicylic acid (HY-B0167). Salicylic acid is a precursor to and a metabolite of Aspirin (HY-14654), can inhibit cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity.
    Salicylic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-13017S1
    Ivacaftor-d19
    Ivacaftor-d9 is a potent CFTR modulator and exhibits an EC50 value of 255 nM for CFTR potentiation in G551D/F508del HBE Cells. Ivacaftor-D9 acts as an orally active and improved deuterated Ivacaftor analog for cystic fibrosis research.
    Ivacaftor-d<sub>19</sub>
  • HY-13017S2
    Ivacaftor-d18
    Ivacaftor-d18 is the deuterium labeled Ivacaftor[1]. Ivacaftor (VX-770) is a potent and orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator, targeting G551D-CFTR and F508del-CFTR with EC50s of 100 nM and 25 nM, respectively[2].
    Ivacaftor-d<sub>18</sub>
  • HY-17504S
    Rosuvastatin-d6 calcium
    		98.54%
    Rosuvastatin-d6 (calcium) is deuterium labeled Rosuvastatin.
    Rosuvastatin-d<sub>6</sub> calcium
  • HY-134928
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E
    		Modulator
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is a fluorophore that can be isolated from lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E is an initiator of blue-light-induced apoptosis. Photoactivation of Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E mediates autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species. Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E can be used in the study of retinal degenerative diseases.
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E
  • HY-141010A
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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