2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0372AS
    Bromhexine-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Bromhexine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Bromhexine (hydrochloride). Bromhexine hydrochloride is a potent and specific TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.75 μM. Bromhexine hydrochloride can prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 infection. Bromhexine hydrochloride is an autophagy agonist. Bromhexine hydrochloride is a mucolytic cough suppressant and has the potential for a range of respiratory conditions[1][2][3][4].
    Bromhexine-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-153661
    Cereblon inhibitor 2
    		Inducer 98.86%
    Cereblon inhibitor 2 (compound 8) is a Cereblon inhibitor useful in solid tumor research, especially breast cancer.
    Cereblon inhibitor 2
  • HY-138789A
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
    		Inducer 99.43%
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
  • HY-N0124R
    Dioscin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dioscin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dioscin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dioscin (CCRIS 4123; Collettiside III) is a natural plant-derived steroidal saponin that has good anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancer cells. Dioscin causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis in HeLa and SiHa cells. Dioscin regulates ROS-mediated DNA damage and mitochondrial signaling pathways, exerting anticancer activity.
    Dioscin (Standard)
  • HY-50895S1
    Gefitinib-d6
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Gefitinib-d6 is the deuterium labeled Gefitinib. Gefitinib (ZD1839) is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and that blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib also induces autophagy. Gefitinib has antitumour activity[1][2].
    Gefitinib-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-139548
    Thalidomide-5-methyl
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Thalidomide-5-methyl is the Thalidomide-based cereblon (CRBN) ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.
    Thalidomide-5-methyl
  • HY-N0305S3
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-13C-1 hydrochloride
    		≥98.0%
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-13C-1 (5-ALA-13C-1) hydrochloride is the 13C labeled 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA hydrochloride) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-<sup>13</sup>C-1 hydrochloride
  • HY-N0176R
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dihydroartemisinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dihydroartemisinin is a potent anti-malaria agent.
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard)
  • HY-B0113S3
    Omeprazole-13C,d3
    		Inducer 98.00%
    Omeprazole-13C,d3 is a 13C-labeled and deuterium labeled Omeprazole. Omeprazole (H 16868), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is available for treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole shows competitive inhibition of CYP2C19 activity with a Ki of 2 to 6 μM[1]. Omeprazole also inhibits growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria[2].Omeprazole is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor)[3].
    Omeprazole-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-P1528
    Autocamtide 2, amide
    		99.47%
    Autocamtide 2, amide is a substrate (100 μM final concentration) for CaMK family assays.
    Autocamtide 2, amide
  • HY-103614
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer 99.43%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 TFA (Cereblon Ligand -Linker Conjugates 2 TFA) is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 TFA
  • HY-135887
    ZX-29
    		Inducer 98.59%
    ZX-29 is a potent and selective ALK inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.1 nM, 1.3 nM and 3.9 nM for ALK, ALK L1196M and ALK G1202R mutations, respectively. ZX-29 is inactive against EGFR. ZX-29 induces apoptosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and overcomes cell resistance caused by an ALK mutation. ZX-29 also induces protective autophagy and has antitumor effect.
    ZX-29
  • HY-N2199
    Sotetsuflavone
    Sotetsuflavone is a flavonoid that can be isolated from Cycas revolute. Sotetsuflavone inhibits migration and invasion of A549 cells by reversing EMT, and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Sotetsuflavone inhibits HIF-1α, VEGF, angiostatin, MMP-9, and MMP-13 expression in A549 cells. Sotetsuflavone also protects mice against Crohn's disease (CD)-like colitis. Sotetsuflavone can be used for research of NSCLC.
    Sotetsuflavone
  • HY-18754A
    FR 167653
    		99.87%
    FR 167653 (FR 167653 sulfate), an orally active and selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, is a potent suppressor of TNF-α and IL-1β production via specific inhibition of p38 MAPK activity. FR 167653 (FR 167653 sulfate) is effective in treating inflammation, relieving trauma and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.
    FR 167653
  • HY-15097R
    Myricetin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Myricetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Myricetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Myricetin (Standard)
  • HY-14648S5
    Dexamethasone-d3-1
    		Inducer 98.02%
    Dexamethasone-d3-1 (Hexadecadrol-d3-1; Prednisolone F-d3-1) is a deuterium labeled Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone-d<sub>3</sub>-1
  • HY-131867
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.59%
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-10585S2
    Valproic acid-d15
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Valproic acid-d15 is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches[1][2].
    Valproic acid-d<sub>15</sub>
  • HY-18080
    SA 47
    		≥99.0%
    SA 47 is a selective and potent inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and carbamate.
    SA 47
  • HY-14188R
    Amiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Amiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amiodarone (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Amiodarone hydrochloride, a benzofuran-based Class III antiarrhythmic agent, inhibits WT outwardIhERG tails with an IC50 of ∼45 nM. Amiodarone hydrochloride induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts. Amiodarone hydrochloride can be used in the research of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.
    Amiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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