2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12687S
    Tizoxanide-d4
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Tizoxanide-d4 is the deuterium labeled Tizoxanide. Tizoxanide is the active metabolite of Nitazoxanide, which is a thiazolide anti-infective compound against anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, and a range of viruses. Tizoxanide has anti-HIV-1 activities[1][2].
    Tizoxanide-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-132405S
    Desmethyl Naproxen-d3
    		≥98.0%
    Desmethyl Naproxen-d3 is deuterium labeled Desmethyl Naproxen. Desmethyl Naproxen is the metabolite of anti-inflammatory agent Naproxen[1].
    Desmethyl Naproxen-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-138780
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-COOH
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-COOH
  • HY-125381
    CFTR corrector 2
    		98.92%
    CFTR corrector 2 is a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance corrector (CFTR), extracted from patent US20140274933.
    CFTR corrector 2
  • HY-138775
    Thalidomide-PEG3-COOH
    		Inducer 98.05%
    Thalidomide-PEG3-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-PEG3-COOH
  • HY-138774
    Thalidomide-PEG4-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-PEG4-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-PEG4-COOH
  • HY-131889
    Thalidomide-O-C5-acid
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-C5-acid is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-C5-acid
  • HY-138781
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG2-COOH
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG2-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG2-COOH
  • HY-18085G
    Quercetin (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Quercetin GMP is Quercetin (HY-18085) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Quercetin is a flavonoid antioxidant, a PI3K inhibitor and a SIRT1 Activator.
    Quercetin (GMP)
  • HY-W031727S
    Hydroxychloroquine-d4-1 sulfate
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Hydroxychloroquine-d4-1 (sulfate) is the deuterium labeled Hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro[1][2][3].
    Hydroxychloroquine-d<sub>4</sub>-1 sulfate
  • HY-115412
    Vorinostat-d5
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Vorinostat-d5 (SAHA-d5) is the deuterium labeled Vorinostat. Vorinostat (SAHA) is a potent and orally active pan-inhibitor of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 (Class I), HDAC7 (Class II) and HDAC11 (Class IV), with ID50 values of 10 nM and 20 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Vorinostat induces cell apoptosis. Vorinostat is also an effective inhibitor of human papillomaviruse (HPV)-18 DNA amplification.
    Vorinostat-d5
  • HY-14188S
    Amiodarone-d4 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.58%
    Amiodarone-d4 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Amiodarone hydrochloride. Amiodarone hydrochloride, a benzofuran-based Class III antiarrhythmic agent, inhibits WT outwardIhERG tails with an IC50 of ∼45 nM[1]. Amiodarone hydrochloride induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts[2]. Amiodarone hydrochloride can be used in the research of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias[1].
    Amiodarone-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-B0589S1
    Atorvastatin-d5 sodium
    		Inducer
    Atorvastatin-d5 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Atorvastatin sodium. Atorvastatin sodium is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin sodium inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively[1][2][3][4].
    Atorvastatin-d<sub>5</sub> sodium
  • HY-16569S1
    Colchicine-d3
    		Inducer 99.24%
    Colchicine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Colchicine. Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM[1][2][3]. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs)[4].
    Colchicine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0480S
    Reserpine-d9
    		Inhibitor
    Reserpine-d9 is the deuterium labeled Reserpine. Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).
    Reserpine-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-10585S
    Valproic acid-d4
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Valproic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches[1][2].
    Valproic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-13768S1
    Topotecan-d6
    		Inducer
    Topotecan-d6 is the deuterium labeled Topotecan. Topotecan (SKF 104864A; NSC 609669) is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor. The IC50 values of Topotecan at 24 h are 2.73±0.25 μM of U251 cells, 2.95±0.23 μM of U87 cells, 5.46±0.41 μM of GSCs-U251 and 5.95 μM of GSCs-U87[1][2].
    Topotecan-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-18085S1
    Quercetin-d3
    		Inducer
    Quercetin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively[1].
    Quercetin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0863S2
    Glyphosate-d2-1
    Glyphosate-d2-1 is the deuterium labeled Glyphosate[1]. Glyphosate is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants[2].
    Glyphosate-d<sub>2</sub>-1
  • HY-17393S
    Carboplatin-d4
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Carboplatin-d4 is the deuterium labeled Carboplatin. Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a DNA synthesis inhibitor which binds to DNA, inhibits replication and transcription and induces cell death. Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a derivative of CDDP and a potent anti-cancer agent.
    Carboplatin-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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