2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-158985A
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 (HY-158985). Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride is a conjugate of a PEG Linker and a pyrazole-linked FBnG tag for ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) induction. Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride can be used to synthesize autophagy-targeting chimeras (AUTACs).
    Amino-PEG3-2G degrader-1 hydrochloride
  • HY-13780R
    Vinblastine sulfate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vinblastine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vinblastine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vinblastine sulfate is a cytotoxic alkaloid used against various cancer types. Vinblastine sulfate inhibits the formation of microtubule and suppresses nAChR with an IC50 of 8.9 μM.
    Vinblastine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-N0733R
    Glucosamine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Glucosamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glucosamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine hydrochloride also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-18672
    SMER18
    		Activator 98.64%
    SMER18 is a small molecule enhancer of rapamycin which act as a mTOR-independent autophagy inducer.
    SMER18
  • HY-B0589E
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium trihydrate
    		Inducer 99.64%
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium trihydrate is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin hemicalcium trihydrate inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively.
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium trihydrate
  • HY-14248S
    Letrozole-d4
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Letrozole-d4 (CGS 20267-d4) is the deuterium labeled Letrozole. Letrozole (CGS 20267) is a potent, selective, reversible and orally active non-steroidal inhibitor of aromatase, with an IC50 of 11.5 nM. Letrozole selective inhibits estrogen biosynthesis, and can be used for the research of breast cancer[1][2][3].
    Letrozole-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-50895S
    Gefitinib-d8
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Gefitinib-d8 is a deuterium labeled Gefitinib. Gefitinib is an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with IC50 of 2-37 nM in NR6wtEGFR cells[1][2].
    Gefitinib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-101923A
    LYN-1604 hydrochloride
    		Activator
    LYN-1604 hydrochloride is a potent UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) activator (EC50=18.94 nM) for the research of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    LYN-1604 hydrochloride
  • HY-15604A
    AZD1208 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    AZD1208 hydrochloride is an orally bioavailable, highly selective PIM kinases inhibitor.
    AZD1208 hydrochloride
  • HY-13768
    Topotecan
    		Inducer
    Topotecan (SKF 104864A; NSC 609669) is an orally active and potent Topoisomerase I inhibitor. Topotecan induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases and promotes apoptosis. Topotecan shows anticancer activity.
    Topotecan
  • HY-10969A
    Obatoclax
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Obatoclax (GX15-070), a BH3 mimetic, is a pan-BCL-2 family proteins inhibitor with a Ki of 220 nM for BCL-2. Obatoclax induces autophagy-dependent cell death and targets cyclin D1 for proteasomal degradation. Obatoclax has anti-cancer and broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity.
    Obatoclax
  • HY-B1159S
    Nitroxoline-d4
    		Inducer
    Nitroxoline-d4 is the deuterium labeled Nitroxoline. Nitroxoline is an antibiotic that has proven to be very effective at combating biofilm infections. Nitroxoline functions by chelating Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions from the biofilm matrix[1][2].
    Nitroxoline-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-115560A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C3-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer 99.58%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C3-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C3-NH2 TFA
  • HY-B0671R
    Vancomycin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Vancomycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vancomycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections.
    Vancomycin (Standard)
  • HY-14649S3
    Retinoic acid-d6
    		98.9%
    Retinoic acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled Retinoic acid[1]. Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC50s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with Kd of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha[2][3][4][5][6][7].
    Retinoic acid-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-130854
    Thalidomide-NH-C6-NH-Boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C6-NH-Boc is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used for MI-389 (compound 22) synthesis. MI-389 is a potent phthalimide PROTAC degrader based on the multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (HY-10255A).
    Thalidomide-NH-C6-NH-Boc
  • HY-112617A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG2-C2-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG2-C2-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 2-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG2-C2-NH2 TFA
  • HY-107438
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C4-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C4-NH2 (Cereblon Ligand-Linker Conjugates 6), a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker, can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C4-NH2
  • HY-19551
    Apogossypolone
    		Inducer
    Apogossypolone (ApoG2) is an orally active Bcl-2 family proteins inhibitor with Ki values of 35, 25 and 660 nM for Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, respectively. Apogossypolone shows antitumor activities, induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Apogossypolone also has antifungal activity.
    Apogossypolone
  • HY-15142A
    Doxorubicin
    		Inducer
    Doxorubicin (Hydroxydaunorubicin), a broad-spectrum anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic properties, is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Doxorubicin has fluorescence properties. Doxorubicin inhibits topoisomerase II with an IC50 of 2.67 μM, thus stopping DNA replication. Doxorubicin reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin induces apoptosis and autophagy. Doxorubicin inhibits human DNA topoisomerase I with an IC50 of 0.8 μM.
    Doxorubicin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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