2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-152100
    CUR5g
    		Inhibitor 98.69%
    CUR5g is a potent autophagy inhibitor. CUR5g selectively inhibits autophagosome degradation in cancer cells by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. CUR5g blocks the recruitment of STX17 to autophagosomes via a UVRAG-dependent mechanism, resulting in the inability of autophagosomes to fuse with lysosomes. CUR5g improves the anticancer effect of Cisplatin (HY-17394) against A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo.
    CUR5g
  • HY-14654S1
    Aspirin-d4
    		Inducer 98.08%
    Aspirin-d4 is the deuterium labeled Aspirin. Aspirin is a non-selective and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50s of 5 and 210 μg/mL[1][2].
    Aspirin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-70002S
    Deutenzalutamide-d3
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Deutenzalutamide (Enzalutamide-d3) is a developed deuterium labeled Enzalutamide (MDV3100). Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with an IC50 of 36 nM in LNCaP prostate cells.
    Deutenzalutamide-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0309S2
    Felodipine-d3
    		Inducer 98.10%
    Felodipine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Felodipine. Felodipine, a dihydropyridine, is a potent, vasoselective calcium channel antagonist. Felodipine lowers blood pressure (BP) by selective action on vascular smooth muscle, especially in the resistance vessels. Felodipine, an anti-hypertensive agent, induces autophagy. Felodipine can cross the blood-brain barrier[1][2][3].
    Felodipine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10162S1
    Olaparib-d8
    		Inducer 99.57%
    Olaparib-d8 (AZD2281-d8) is the deuterium labeled Olaparib (HY-10162). Olaparib is a potent and orally active PARP inhibitor with IC50s of 5 and 1 nM for PARP1 and PARP2, respectively. Olaparib is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Olaparib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-171047
    Autophagy inducer 7
    		Inducer
    Autophagy inducer 7 (Compound SSA) is an Autophagy and Apoptosis inducer. Autophagy inducer 7 activates autophagy by inhibiting Akt/mTOR signaling and the expression of downstream proteins. Autophagy inducer 7 suppresses DNA synthesis and causes a G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest. Autophagy inducer 7 inhibits tumor cell growth.
    Autophagy inducer 7
  • HY-13738AR
    Raloxifene (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Raloxifene (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Raloxifene (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Raloxifene hydrochloride (Keoxifene hydrochloride) is a second generation selective and orally active estrogen receptor modulator. Raloxifene hydrochloride produces estrogen-agonistic effects on bone and lipid metabolism and estrogen-antagonistic effects on uterine endometrium and breast tissue.
    Raloxifene (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-B0260S3
    Methylprednisolone-d7
    		Inhibitor 99.73%
    Methylprednisolone-d7 is deuterium labeled Methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels[3].
    Methylprednisolone-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-N1201S
    Apigenin-d5
    		Inducer 98.90%
    Apigenin-d5 is a deuterated labeled Apigenin. Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.
    Apigenin-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-13669R
    Lomustine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lomustine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lomustine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lomustine (CCNU; NSC 79037) is a DNA alkylating agent, with antitumor activity.
    Lomustine (Standard)
  • HY-14664F
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin sodium
    		99.18%
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin ((3R,5S)-XU 62-320) sodium is the 3R,5S-isomer Fluvastatin. Fluvastatin (XU 62-320 free acid) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin sodium
  • HY-N7695
    Physalin B
    		Inducer
    Physalin B, one of the major active steroidal constituents of Cape gooseberry, induces cell cycle arrest and triggers apoptosis in breast cancer cells through modulating p53-dependent apoptotic pathway. Physalin B inhibits the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and induces incomplete autophagic response in human colon cancer cells in vitro.
    Physalin B
  • HY-N2531
    Notoginsenoside Fc
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Notoginsenoside Fc, a protopanaxadiol- (PPD-) type saponin isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng, effectively counteracts platelet aggregation. Notoginsenoside Fc can accelerate reendothelialization following vascular injury in diabetic rats by promoting autophagy.
    Notoginsenoside Fc
  • HY-10224R
    Panobinostat (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Panobinostat (Standard) (LBH589 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Panobinostat (HY-10224). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Panobinostat is a potent and orally active non-selective HDAC inhibitor, and has antineoplastic activities. Panobinostat induces HIV-1 virus production even at low concentration range 8-31 nM, stimulates HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. Panobinostat induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Panobinostat can be used for the study of refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma.
    Panobinostat (Standard)
  • HY-B0116R
    Stavudine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Stavudine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Stavudine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis.
    Stavudine (Standard)
  • HY-113596A
    Acetyl coenzyme A lithium
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) lithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A lithium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A lithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A lithium
  • HY-10999R
    Trametinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Trametinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trametinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trametinib (GSK1120212; JTP-74057) is an orally active MEK inhibitor that inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 with IC50s of about 2 nM. Trametinib activates autophagy and induces apoptosis.
    Trametinib (Standard)
  • HY-W654330
    Pyraclostrobin-d6
    Pyraclostrobin-d6 is deuterium-labeled Pyraclostrobin (HY-N6626).
    Pyraclostrobin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0113R
    Omeprazole (Standard)
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Omeprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Omeprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Omeprazole (H 16868), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is available for treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole shows competitive inhibition of CYP2C19 activity with a Ki of 2 to 6 μM. Omeprazole also inhibits growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Omeprazole is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).
    Omeprazole (Standard)
  • HY-13765R
    6-Thioguanine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    6-Thioguanine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 6-Thioguanine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 6-Thioguanine (Thioguanine; 2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an anti-leukemia and immunosuppressant agent, acts as an inhibitor of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLpros) and also potently inhibits USP2 activity, with IC50s of 25 μM and 40 μM for Plpros and recombinant human USP2, respectively.
    6-Thioguanine (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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