2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0228S8
    Adenosine-d-2
    		99.72%
    Adenosine-d-2 is the deuterium labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular phys
    Adenosine-d-2
  • HY-50898S
    Lapatinib-d4
    		Inducer 99.02%
    Lapatinib-d4 is the deuterium labeled Lapatinib (HY-50898). Lapatinib is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively[1][2].
    Lapatinib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N6996R
    Methyl Eugenol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Methyl Eugenol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methyl Eugenol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methyl Eugenol is a bait that has oral activity against oriental fruit fly (Hendel).Methyl Eugenol has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl Eugenol can induce Autophagy in cells. Methyl Eugenol can be used in the study of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
    Methyl Eugenol (Standard)
  • HY-12956S
    Dinoprost-d4
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Dinoprost-d4 is the deuterium labeled Dinoprost. Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2α) is an orally active, potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour[1][2].
    Dinoprost-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0733S3
    Glucosamine-6-13C hydrochloride
    		≥98.0%
    Glucosamine-6-13C (hydrochloride) is the 13C labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as
    Glucosamine-6-<sup>13</sup>C hydrochloride
  • HY-N8678
    Thonningianin B
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Thonningianin B is an antioxidant and an autophagy enhancer.
    Thonningianin B
  • HY-108645
    AL 8697
    		99.83%
    AL 8697 is a specific and orally active p38α MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 nM. AL 8697 displays 14-fold greater inhibition of p38α compared to p38β (IC50=82 nM), and 300-fold selectivity for p38α over a panel of 91 kinases. Anti-inflammatory activity.
    AL 8697
  • HY-B0298AS
    Clemastine-d5 fumarate
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Clemastine-d5 (fumarate) is the deuterium labeled Clemastine fumarate. Clemastine fumarate (HS-592 fumarate) is a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 3 nM.
    Clemastine-d<sub>5</sub> fumarate
  • HY-10455S
    Carfilzomib-d8
    		Inducer 98.93%
    Carfilzomib-d8 is deuterium labeled Carfilzomib. Carfilzomib (PR-171) is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM in ANBL-6 and RPMI 8226 cells.
    Carfilzomib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-N0002R
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Standard) is the analytical standard of (-)-Epicatechin gallate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Epicatechin gallate) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 7.5 μM.
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Standard)
  • HY-163127
    AUTAC2-2G
    		99.46%
    AUTAC2-2G is a second-generation AUTAC with a 100-fold increase in activity.
    AUTAC2-2G
  • HY-N9349
    Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride
    		Inducer
    Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride ameliorates ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage by stimulating AMPK-mediated autophagy.
    Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride
  • HY-N4006
    Isoangustone A
    		Inducer
    Isoangustone A is an anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent. Isoangustone A induces cancer cells apoptosis and autophagic cell death.
    Isoangustone A
  • HY-107966A
    Heparin calcium (MW 3600-5000)
    Heparin (Nadroparin) calcium (MW 3600-5000) is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) to form a heparin-antithrombin III complex. The complex binds to and irreversibly inactivates thrombin and other activated clotting factors IX, X, XI, and XII and prevents the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin.
    Heparin calcium (MW 3600-5000)
  • HY-N6772
    Cytochalasin E
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Cytochalasin E, an epoxide containing Aspergillus-derived fungal metabolite, inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cytochalasin E is a potent actin depolymerization agent, and it binds and caps the barbed end of actin filaments to prevent actin elongation.
    Cytochalasin E
  • HY-13342AS
    Apatinib-d8 free base
    Apatinib-d8 (free base) is the deuterium labeled Apatinib free base[1]. Apatinib free base (YN968D1 free base) is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which selectively targets VEGFR-2 (IC50=1 nM). Apatinib free base (YN968D1 free base) is an anti-angiogenic drug for the research of advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Apatinib free base (YN968D1 free base) potently inhibits Ret, c-Kit and c-Src with IC50s of 13, 429 and 530 nM, respectively. It also inhibits cellular phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, c-kit and PDGFRβ[2][3][4].
    Apatinib-d<sub>8</sub> free base
  • HY-13636S
    Fulvestrant-d3
    		Inducer
    Fulvestrant-d3 is the deuterium labeled Fulvestrant. Fulvestrant (ICI 182780) is a pure antiestrogen and a potent estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with an IC50 of 9.4 nM. Fulvestrant is also a GPR30 agonist. Fulvestrant effectively inhibits the growth of ER-positive MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 0.29 nM. Fulvestrant also induces autophagy and has antitumor efficacy[1].
    Fulvestrant-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0561S1
    Spironolactone-d3
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Spironolactone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Spironolactone. Spironolactone (SC9420) is an orally active aldosterone mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 24 nM. Spironolactone is also a potent antagonist of androgen receptor with an IC50 of 77 nM. Spironolactone promotes autophagy in podocytes[1][2][3].
    Spironolactone-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0176R
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dihydroartemisinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dihydroartemisinin is a potent anti-malaria agent.
    Dihydroartemisinin (Standard)
  • HY-B0561S
    Spironolactone-d7
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Spironolactone-d7 is the deuterium labeled Spironolactone. Spironolactone (SC9420) is an orally active aldosterone mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 24 nM. Spironolactone is also a potent antagonist of androgen receptor with an IC50 of 77 nM. Spironolactone promotes autophagy in podocytes[1][2][3].
    Spironolactone-d<sub>7</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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