2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0180S
    Imiquimod-d6
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod-d6 is the deuterium labeled Imiquimod. Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-W011209R
    N6-Isopentenyladenosine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    N6-Isopentenyladenosine (Riboprine), an RNA modification found in cytokinins, which regulate plant growth/differentiation, and a subset of tRNAs, where it improves the efficiency and accuracy of translation. N6-Isopentenyladenosine, an end product of the mevalonate pathway, is an autophagy inhibitor with an interesting anti-melanoma activity.
    N6-Isopentenyladenosine (Standard)
  • HY-W744739
    Betulinic acid-d3
    Betulinic acid-d3 (Lupatic acid-d3) is a deuterium labeled Betulinic acid (HY-10529). Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.
    Betulinic acid-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-23095R
    Thalidomide-5-OH (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-OH (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thalidomide-5-OH. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thalidomide-5-OH is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-OH can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-OH (Standard)
  • HY-N0741R
    Leonurine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Leonurine is an alkaloid isolated from Leonurus artemisia, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory.
    Leonurine (Standard)
  • HY-14664AR
    Fluvastatin sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Fluvastatin (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluvastatin (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluvastatin sodium (XU 62320) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin sodium protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    Fluvastatin sodium (Standard)
  • HY-N2584AR
    Isoxanthohumol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isoxanthohumol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isoxanthohumol (HY-N2584A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isoxanthohumol is an orally active flavonoid compound. Isoxanthohumol has biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and inhibition of adipogenesis. Isoxanthohumol can induce apoptosis, autophagy, and migration of tumor cells. Isoxanthohumol is active against viruses such as HSV, BVDV, CMV, and Rhino. Isoxanthohumol can be used for the research of tumors, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases.
    Isoxanthohumol (Standard)
  • HY-B1392S
    Esmolol-d7 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Esmolol-d7 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Esmolol hydrochloride (HY-B1392). Esmolol hydrochloride is an ultra-short-acting cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocker. Esmolol hydrochloride exerts its antiarrhythmic effect by activating Neurokinin 1 Receptoraldose reductase) and the production of advanced glycation end products and promoting fibroblast migration. Esmolol hydrochloride can be used to study cardiac diseases such as arrhythmias and diabetic foot ulcers.
    Esmolol-d<sub>7</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-14266R
    Dapivirine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dapivirine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dapivirine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dapivirine (TMC120), the prototype of diarylpyrimidines (DAPY), is an orally active and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Dapivirine (TMC120) binds directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Dapivirine (TMC120) regulates autophagy and induced Akt, Bad and SAPK/JNK activations.
    Dapivirine (Standard)
  • HY-N0031R
    Plantamajoside (Standard)
    		Activator
    Plantamajoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Plantamajoside. This product is intended for use in research and analytical applications. Plantamajoside is an orally active phenylpropanoid glycoside. Plantamajoside can be isolated from Plantago asiatica L.(Plantaginaceae). Plantamajoside inactivates NF-κB, PI3K/akt, induces Apoptosis, and improves Autophagy. Plantamajoside regulates MAPK, integrin-linked kinase/c-Src. Plantamajoside inhibits multiple cancers, improves lung and kidney damage. Plantamajoside has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
    Plantamajoside (Standard)
  • HY-14537R
    Latrepirdine dihydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Latrepirdine (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Latrepirdine (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Latrepirdine dihydrochloride is a neuroactive compound with antagonist activity at histaminergic, α-adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Latrepirdine stimulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) catabolism and amyloid-β (Aβ) secretion.
    Latrepirdine dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-10108R
    LY294002 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    LY294002 (Standard) is the analytical standard of LY294002. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. LY294002 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of PI3K with IC50s of 0.5, 0.57, and 0.97 μM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ and PI3Kβ, respectively. LY294002 also inhibits CK2 with an IC50 of 98 nM. LY294002 is a competitive DNA-PK inhibitor that binds reversibly to the kinase domain of DNA-PK with an IC50 of 1.4?μM. LY294002 is an apoptosis activator.
    LY294002 (Standard)
  • HY-13725R
    Pirarubicin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pirarubicin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pirarubicin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pirarubicin is an anthracycline antibiotics, acts as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, and is a widely used for treatment of various cancers, in particular, solid tumors.
    Pirarubicin (Standard)
  • HY-B0965S
    Thioridazine-d3 2-Sulfone
    Thioridazine-d3 2-Sulfone is the deuterium labeled Thioridazine hydrochloride. Thioridazine hydrochloride, an orally active antagonist of the dopamine receptor D2 family proteins, exhibits potent anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety activities. Thioridazine hydrochloride is also a potent inhibitor of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways with anti-angiogenic effect. Thioridazine hydrochloride shows antiproliferative and apoptosis induction effects in various types of cancer cells, with specificity on targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs).
    Thioridazine-d3 2-Sulfone
  • HY-N0112S
    Dihydromyricetin-d4
    		Inducer
    Dihydromyricetin-d4 (Ampelopsin-d4) is deuterium labeled Dihydromyricetin. Dihydromyricetin is a potent inhibitor with an IC50 of 48 μM on dihydropyrimidinase. Dihydromyricetin can activate autophagy through inhibiting mTOR signaling. Dihydromyricetin suppresses the formation of mTOR complexes (mTORC1/2). Dihydromyricetin is also a potent influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with an IC50 of 22 μM.
    Dihydromyricetin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-13049R
    Cediranib maleate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cediranib (maleate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cediranib (maleate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cediranib maleate (AZD-2171 maleate) is a highly potent, orally available VEGFR inhibitor with IC50s of <1, <3, 5, 5, 36, 2 nM for Flt1, KDR, Flt4, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, respectively.
    Cediranib maleate (Standard)
  • HY-N0148AR
    Rutin hydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rutin (hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rutin (hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rutin (Rutoside) hydrate is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin hydrate can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin hydrate attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-100256R
    Trifarotene (Standard)
    Trifarotene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trifarotene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trifarotene (CD5789) is a potent and selective RARγ agonist. Trifarotene (CD5789) shows ∼65-fold and ∼16-fold selectivitiy for the RARγ (EC50=7.7 nM) over RARα (EC50=500 nM) and RARβ (EC50=125 nM), respectively.
    Trifarotene (Standard)
  • HY-14649S2
    11-cis-Retinoic Acid-d5
    11-cis-Retinoic Acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC50s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with Kd of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha[1][2].
    11-cis-Retinoic Acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0136R
    Taxifolin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Taxifolin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Taxifolin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity.
    Taxifolin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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