2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-149572
    Thalidomide-4-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.26%
    Thalidomide-4-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-4-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-161186
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc
  • HY-12643R
    Eprinomectin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Eprinomectin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eprinomectin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eprinomectin is a type of avermectin. Eprinomectin, as a broad-spectrum fungicide, has insecticidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activities. Eprinomectin induces apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer cells and has antitumor activity.
    Eprinomectin (Standard)
  • HY-17376S3
    Ezetimibe-13C6
    Ezetimibe-13C6 (SCH 58235-13C6) is the 13C-labeled Ezetimibe (HY-17376). Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.
    Ezetimibe-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-176240
    FBnG-amino-PEG3-C2-azido
    		Inducer
    FBnG-amino-PEG3-C2-azido is a tag-linker conjugate that incorporates a degradation tag FBnG (HY-W073762) and a glycol linker (Amino-PEG3-C2-Azido) (HY-W021401). FBnG-amino-PEG3-C2-azido can be used for synthesis of GPX4-AUTAC (HY-176220).
    FBnG-amino-PEG3-C2-azido
  • HY-B0495S6
    Lamotrigine-13C2,15N2,d3
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C2,15N2,d3 is 15N and deuterated labeled Lamotrigine (HY-B0495). Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-163227
    (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc
    		Inducer
    (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc
  • HY-100599S2
    Urolithin A-13C6
    Urolithin A-13C6 is the 13C-labeled Urolithin A (HY-100599). Urolithin A, a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. Urolithin A induces autophagy and apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression, and inhibits DNA synthesis.
    Urolithin A-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-176481
    ML-20
    		Inhibitor
    ML-20, Malabaricone C (HY-N8518) analogue, is a autophagy inhibitor and radiosensitizer. ML-20 inhibits cell growth, induces cell apoptosis . ML-20 induces DNA double-strand breaks, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). ML-20 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and concurrent inhibition of autophagy flux due to LMP .
    ML-20
  • HY-149343
    Anticancer agent 132
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 132 (compound Rh1) is an inducer of apoptosis and autophagy with antitumor and antimetastasis activity. Anticancer agent 132 arrests cell cycle and inhibits cell proliferation.
    Anticancer agent 132
  • HY-179213
    DAA
    		Inducer
    DAA is a potent autophagy inducer that exhibits antitumor efficacy and enhances anti-PD1 immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DAA acts by disrupting the LIC1-RuvB-like AAA ATPase 1 interaction, which activates the GCN2-eIF2α-ATF4 integrated stress response pathway and promotes autophagic cell death. DAA can be used for NSCLC research.
    DAA
  • HY-138846
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2
  • HY-172749
    IMCTA-C14 TFA
    		Inducer
    IMCTA-C14 TFA, a trehalose analog, is a detergent. IMCTA-C14 TFA shows autophagy-inducing activity in OVK18 cells and can be effectively used in membrane protein research. IMCTA-C14 TFA is active against various bacteria (MICs = 8-128 µg/mL) and is cytotoxic against cancer cell lines (IC50s = 2.9-29.2 µg/mL).
    IMCTA-C14 TFA
  • HY-13511S
    Rupatadine-d6 D-tartrate
    		Inducer
    Rupatadine-d6 (D-tartrate) is deuterated labeled Rupatadine (HY-13511). Rupatadine (UR-12592) is a potent, orally active and long-lasting dual PAF/H1 antagonist, with Kis of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively. Rupatadine can be used for the research of allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
    Rupatadine-d6 D-tartrate
  • HY-N3486
    Isodunnianol
    		Inducer
    Isodunnianol is a autophagy inducer. Isodunnianol induces autophagy and increases he expression of pAMPK172, pULK1555,decreases teh expression of pULK1757, SQSTM2. Isodunnianol decreases Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cardiotoxicity.
    Isodunnianol
  • HY-138853A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-156162
    Thalidomide-NH-C14-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C14-NH2 hydrochloride is a Thalidomide (HY-14658)-based cereblon ligand that recruits CRBN proteins. Thalidomide-NH-C14-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the target protein ligand through a linker to form a PROTAC molecule. For example, THAL-SNS-032 (HY-123937).
    Thalidomide-NH-C14-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-103438
    BIBU1361
    		Inhibitor
    BIBU1361 induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy. BIBU1361 inhibits pro-survival pathways Akt/mTOR and gp130/JAK/STAT3, and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
    BIBU1361
  • HY-161187
    Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc
  • HY-138855
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG2-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG2-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG2-C2-NH2
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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