2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W584516
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a t-Bu modified Thalidomide (HY-14658), which acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein. The t-Bu protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-N0072R
    Brazilin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Brazilin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Brazilin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Brazilin (Standard)
  • HY-12705AR
    Bromocriptine mesylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bromocriptine (mesylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bromocriptine (mesylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bromocriptine mesylate is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, which binds D2 dopamine receptor with pKi of 8.05±0.2.
    Bromocriptine mesylate (Standard)
  • HY-112774A
    ICSN3250 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    ICSN3250 hydrochloride is a halitulin analogue and a selective mTORC1 inhibitor. ICSN3250 hydrochloride directly binds to mTOR's FRB domain and displaces phosphatidic acid (PA), reversing mTORC1 activation. ICSN3250 hydrochloride shows high cytotoxicity in cancer cells (nanomolar concentration) through a caspase-independent cell death mechanism. ICSN3250 hydrochloride specifically inhibits the mTORC1 pathway, inducing autophagy and G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells. ICSN3250 hydrochloride can be used for the study of cancer .
    ICSN3250 hydrochloride
  • HY-B1773AR
    Sodium propionate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Sodium propionate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sodium propionate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sodium propionate is an orally active short-chain fatty acid. Sodium propionate can be produced by intestinal bacteria from the metabolism of dietary fiber. Sodium propionate increases PPAR-γ, inhibits NF-κB activation, and reduces COX-2 expression and NO production. Sodium propionate also induces Apoptosis and Autophagy. Sodium propionate reduces HSV-1-induced keratitis. Sodium propionate has anticancer effects against glioblastoma. Sodium propionate exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Sodium propionate can be used in the research of spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease.
    Sodium propionate (Standard)
  • HY-159605
    Autophagy inducer 5
    		Inducer
    Autophagy inducer 5 (compound 21o) is a potent MCF-7 inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM), and a potential breast cancer inhibitor. Autophagy inducer 5 induces cellular autophagy by activating the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which increases ROS generation and JNK phosphorylation, exerting cytotoxic effects.
    Autophagy inducer 5
  • HY-13630R
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Etoposide phosphate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-N0741AR
    Leonurine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Leonurine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Leonurine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Leonurine hydrochloride is an alkaloid isolated from Leonurus artemisia, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory.
    Leonurine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-17408R
    Mevastatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Mevastatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mevastatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mevastatin (Compactin) is a first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that belongs to the statins class. Mevastatin is a lipid-lowering agent, and induces apoptosis, arrests cancer cells in G0/G1 phase. Mevastatin also increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels. Mevastatin has antitumor activity and has the potential for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
    Mevastatin (Standard)
  • HY-W584523
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
  • HY-B1000S1
    Selenomethionine-77Se
    Selenomethionine-77Se (Seleno-DL-methionine-77Se) is the 77Se- labeled Selenomethionine (HY-B1000). Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing selenium that has oral activity and is a common natural food source. Selenomethionine has antitumor activity.
    Selenomethionine-<sup>77</sup>Se
  • HY-18085S
    Quercetin-d5
    		Inducer
    Quercetin-d5 is a deuterium labeled Quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.
    Quercetin-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-146390
    Antiproliferative agent-5
    		Activator
    Antiproliferative agent-5 (compound 4o) can significantly and irreversibly inhibit proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Antiproliferative agent-5 causes the G2/M phase arrest, and induces ROS accumulation and activation of autophagy. Antiproliferative agent-5 can be used for researching anticancer.
    Antiproliferative agent-5
  • HY-16561G
    Resveratrol (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Resveratrol (GMP) is Resveratrol (HY-16561) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules work appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
    Resveratrol (GMP)
  • HY-14266S1
    Dapivirine-d4
    		Inducer
    Dapivirine-d4 (TMC120-d4) is deuterium labeled Dapivirine. Dapivirine (TMC120), the prototype of diarylpyrimidines (DAPY), is an orally active and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Dapivirine (TMC120) binds directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Dapivirine (TMC120) regulates autophagy and induced Akt, Bad and SAPK/JNK activations.
    Dapivirine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0384S5
    Homovanillic acid-13C,d3
    Homovanillic acid-13C,d3 (Vanilacetic acid-13C,d3) is 13C and deuterium labeled Homovanillic acid (HY-N0384). Homovanillic acid (Vanilacetic acid) is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
    Homovanillic acid-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0538S4
    Xylitol-d7
    Xylitol-d7 is the deuterium labeled Xylit.
    Xylitol-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-N0382R
    Galangin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Galangin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Galangin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
    Galangin (Standard)
  • HY-106146
    Paclitaxel ceribate
    		Inducer
    Paclitaxel ceribate is the ester form of paclitaxel, a natural antineoplastic agent that stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel causes mitotic arrest and induces apoptosis, ultimately leading to cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.
    Paclitaxel ceribate
  • HY-138854
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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