2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-137038
    N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride (TLCK hydrochloride) is an irreversible inhibitor for serine protease, which inhibits trypsin and trypsin-like protease by alkylating histidine residues in their active site. N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride inhibits caspase-3, caspase-6 and caspase-7, with IC50s of 12.0, 54.5 and 19.3 μM, respectively. N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride induces apoptosis in cell HL-60, and inhibits the decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential during apoptosis.
    N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride
  • HY-12455
    Duocarmycin A
    		Inhibitor
    Duocarmycin A, which is one of well-known antitumor antibiotics, is a DNA alkylator and efficiently alkylates adenine N3 at the 3′ end of AT-rich sequences in the DNA. Duocarmycin A, as a chemotherapeutic agent, results HLC-2 cells typically apoptotic changes, including chromatin condensation, sub-G1 accumulation in DNA histogram pattern, and decrease in procaspase-3 and 9 levels.
    Duocarmycin A
  • HY-N6818R
    5,​7,​4'-​Trimethoxyflavone (Standard)
    		Activator
    5,?7,?4'-Trimethoxyflavone (Standard) is the analytical standard of 5,?7,?4'-Trimethoxyflavone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 5,7,4’-Trimethoxyflavone can be isolated from the medicinal plant Kaempferia parviflora (KP). 5,7,4’-Trimethoxyflavone is a CFTR activator and EC50 is 64 μM. 5,7,4’-Trimethoxyflavone induces apoptosis, increases proteolytic activation of caspase-3, and degradation of ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) protein. 5,7,4’-Trimethoxyflavone has antitumor activity. 5,7,4’-Trimethoxyflavone can be used to prevent skin aging and oxidative stress.
    5,​7,​4'-​Trimethoxyflavone (Standard)
  • HY-170944
    BAG3/HSP70-IN-1
    		Inducer
    BAG3/HSP70-IN-1 (compound 16) is the first-in-class BAG3/HSP70 dual modulator. BAG3/HSP70-IN-1 inhibits HeLa cells with an IC50 of 49.46 μM. BAG3/HSP70-IN-1 induces Apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and caspase 9 levels in HeLa cells. BAG3/HSP70-IN-1 elevates p21 levels while reduces FOXM1 expression in HeLa cells. BAG3/HSP70-IN-1 decreases ATPase activity.
    BAG3/HSP70-IN-1
  • HY-125466
    cRIPGBM
    		Activator
    cRIPGBM, a proapoptotic derivative of RIPGBM, a cell type-selective inducer of apoptosis in GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs) by binding to receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2), with an EC50 of 68 nM in GBM-1 cells.
    cRIPGBM
  • HY-112226R
    VRT-043198 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    VRT-043198 (Standard) is the analytical standard of VRT-043198. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. VRT-043198, the agent metabolite of VX-765 (Belnacasan), is a potent, selective and blood-brain barrier permeable inhibitor of interleukin-converting enzyme/caspase-1 subfamily caspases. VRT-043198 exhibits Ki values of 0.8 nM and 0.6 nM for ICE/caspase-1 and caspase-4, respectively[1].
    VRT-043198 (Standard)
  • HY-158820A
    Cosdosiran sodium
    		98.48%
    Cosdosiran sodium is a chemically modified siRNA designed to temporarily inhibit expression of the caspase 2 protein and can be used for the study of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and other optic neuropathies such as glaucoma that result in the death of retinal ganglion cells.?
    Cosdosiran sodium
  • HY-14654A
    Aspirin lithium
    		Activator
    Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) lithium is an orally active, potent and irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. Aspirin lithium induces apoptosis. Aspirin lithium inhibits the activation of NF-κB. Aspirin lithium also inhibits platelet prostaglandin synthetase, and can prevent coronary artery and cerebrovascular thrombosis.
    Aspirin lithium
  • HY-19696S
    Tauroursodeoxycholate-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Tauroursodeoxycholate-d5 is the deuterium labeled Tauroursodeoxycholate. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
    Tauroursodeoxycholate-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-P10244
    Ac-YVAD-FMK
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-YVAD-FMK is an inhibitor for caspase 1-like protease.
    Ac-YVAD-FMK
  • HY-N8617
    Trijuganone C
    		Inhibitor
    Trijuganone C, a natural product extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells through induction of apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation.
    Trijuganone C
  • HY-P10147
    Ac-LDESD-AMC
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-LDESD-AMC is a caspase-2 inhibitor. Ac-LDESD-AMC has a peptide sequence of Leu-Asp-Glu-Ser-Asp.
    Ac-LDESD-AMC
  • HY-N2334R
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycochenodeoxycholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)[1][2][3][4].
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Standard)
  • HY-RS01965
    CASP8 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    CASP8 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CASP8 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    CASP8 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    CASP8 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-P10082
    Ac-VETD-AMC
    Ac-VETD-AMC is a synthetic peptide substrate for caspase 8. Ac-VETD-AMC also has potential to assess functional activity of recombinant phytaspase.
    Ac-VETD-AMC
  • HY-118304
    AKN-028
    		Activator
    AKN-028, a novel tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor, is a potent, orally active FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6 nM. AKN-028 inhibits FLT3 autophosphorylation. AKN-028 induces dose-dependent cytotoxic response (mean IC50=1 μM). AKN-028 induces apoptosisby activation of caspase 3. AKN-028 can be used in research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    AKN-028
  • HY-P5122
    Z-LEED-FMK
    		Inhibitor
    Z-LEED-FMK is a caspase-13 and caspase-4 inhibitor. Z-LEED-FMK also inhibits caspase-1 processing in S. typhimurium-infected macrophages.
    Z-LEED-FMK
  • HY-B0347S3
    Lacidipine-13C4
    		Modulator
    Lacidipine-13C4 is 13C labeled Lacidipine (HY-B0347). Lacidipine is an orally active and highly selective L-type calcium channel blocker that acts on smooth muscle calcium channels, primarily dilates peripheral arteries, reduces peripheral resistance, and has long-lasting anti-hypertensive activity. Lacidipine protects HKCs from apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by modulating the caspase-3 pathway. Lacidipine can be used in studies of hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute kidney injury (AKI).
    Lacidipine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N6681
    15-Acetoxyscirpenol
    		Activator 99.35%
    15-acetoxyscirpenol, one of acetoxyscirpenol moiety mycotoxins (ASMs), strongly induces apoptosis and inhibits Jurkat T cell growth in a dose-dependent manner by activating other caspases independent of caspase-3.
    15-Acetoxyscirpenol
  • HY-W040329S3
    2'-Deoxyadenosine-15N5,d13
    		Activator
    2'-Deoxyadenosine-15N5,d13 is deuterium and 15N labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine (HY-W040329). 2′-Deoxyadenosine is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>5</sub>,d<sub>13</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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