2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13551AR
    Amsacrine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Amsacrine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amsacrine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Amsacrine hydrochloride (m-AMSA hydrochloride; acridinyl anisidide hydrochloride) is an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, and acts as an antineoplastic agent which can intercalates into the DNA of tumor cells.
    Amsacrine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-18299AR
    Purvalanol A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Purvalanol A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Purvalanol A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Purvalanol A is a potent CDK inhibitor, which inhibits cdc2-cyclin B, cdk2-cyclin A, cdk2-cyclin E, cdk4-cyclin D1, and cdk5-p35 with IC50s of 4, 70, 35, 850, 75 nM, resepctively.
    Purvalanol A (Standard)
  • HY-13516R
    Aloperine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Aloperine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aloperine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Aloperine is an alkaloid in sophora plants such as Sophora alopecuroides L, which has shown anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-virus properties. Aloperine is widely used to treat patients with allergic contact dermatitis eczema and other skin inflammation in China. Aloperine induces apoptosis and autophagy in HL-60 cells.
    Aloperine (Standard)
  • HY-50898BR
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib (ditosylate monohydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lapatinib (ditosylate monohydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate (GW572016 ditosylate monohydrate) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate (Standard)
  • HY-N0441R
    Neferine (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Neferine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Neferine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Neferine is a major bisbenzylisoquinline alkaloid. Neferine strongly inhibits NF-κB activation.
    Neferine (Standard)
  • HY-10448S
    (E/Z)-Capsaicin-d3
    (E/Z)-Capsaicin-d3 is the deuterium labeled (E/Z)-Capsaicin[1].
    (E/Z)-Capsaicin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-17464R
    Cilostazol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cilostazol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cilostazol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cilostazol (OPC 13013) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A, the isoform of PDE 3 in the cardiovascular system, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM.
    Cilostazol (Standard)
  • HY-13735BR
    Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Quinacrine (hydrochloride hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Quinacrine (hydrochloride hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate (Mepacrine hydrochloride hydrate) is an antimalarial agent, which possess anticancer effect both in vitro and vivo. Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses NF-κB and activates p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis.
    Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-B0113S5
    Omeprazole-d6
    		Inducer
    Omeprazole-d6 (H 16868-d6) is deuterium labeled Omeprazole. Omeprazole (H 16868), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is available for treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole shows competitive inhibition of CYP2C19 activity with a Ki of 2 to 6 μM. Omeprazole also inhibits growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Omeprazole is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).
    Omeprazole-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0098AR
    Doxazosin mesylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Doxazosin (mesylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Doxazosin (mesylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Doxazosin mesylate (UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.
    Doxazosin mesylate (Standard)
  • HY-13425R
    Deguelin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Deguelin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Deguelin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB.
    Deguelin (Standard)
  • HY-B0492S
    rel-Paroxetine-d4-1 hydrochloride
    (rac)-(trans)-Paroxetine-d4 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled (rac)-(trans)-Paroxetine hydrochloride.
    rel-Paroxetine-d<sub>4</sub>-1 hydrochloride
  • HY-15463S3
    Imatinib-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Imatinib-13C,d3 (STI571-13C,d3) is 13C labeled Imatinib. Imatinib (STI571) is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinases inhibitor that selectively inhibits BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR and c-kit kinase activity. Imatinib (STI571) works by binding close to the ATP binding site, locking it in a closed or self-inhibited conformation, therefore inhibiting the enzyme activity of the protein semicompetitively. Imatinib also is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
    Imatinib-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10453R
    Ixazomib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ixazomib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ixazomib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ixazomib (MLN2238) is a selective, potent, and reversible proteasome inhibitor, which inhibits the chymotrypsin-like proteolytic (β5) site of the 20S proteasome with an IC50 of 3.4 nM (Ki of 0.93 nM).
    Ixazomib (Standard)
  • HY-14151R
    Prucalopride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Prucalopride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Prucalopride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Prucalopride is an orally active, selective and specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist (high affinity), with pKis of 8.6 and 8.1 for human 5-HT4a/4b receptors, respectively. Prucalopride improves intestinal motility by promoting regeneration of the intestinal nervous system in rats. Prucalopride also shows anticancer activity by blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Prucalopride can be used in studies of chronic constipation, pseudo-intestinal obstruction and cancer.
    Prucalopride (Standard)
  • HY-131717A
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH TFA is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH TFA can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs, such as THAL-SNS-032 (HY-123937).
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH TFA
  • HY-B0309R
    Felodipine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Felodipine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Felodipine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Felodipine, a dihydropyridine, is a potent, vasoselective calcium channel antagonist. Felodipine lowers blood pressure (BP) by selective action on vascular smooth muscle, especially in the resistance vessels. Felodipine, an anti-hypertensive agent, induces autophagy. Felodipine can cross the blood-brain barrier.
    Felodipine (Standard)
  • HY-A0061R
    Trifluridine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Trifluridine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trifluridine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trifluridine (Trifluorothymidine) is an irreversible and orally active thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and thereby suppressing DNA synthesis. Trifluridine is an antiviral molecule used for research of HSV, rhabdovirus and orthopoxvirus infection. Trifluridine induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Trifluridine is also an anticancer agent used in studies of metastatic colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal tumors.
    Trifluridine (Standard)
  • HY-13500R
    GSK343 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    GSK343 (Standard) is the analytical standard of GSK343. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. GSK343 is a highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM.
    GSK343 (Standard)
  • HY-10405S
    Pamapimod-d4
    Pamapimod-d4 (Ro4402257-d4) is the deuterium labeled Pamapimod. Pamapimod (Ro4402257) is a potent, selective and orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 14 nM and 480 nM and Kis of 1.3 nM and 120 nM for p38α and p38β, respectively. Pamapimod has no activity against p38δ or p38γ isoforms. Pamapimod has the potential for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases treatment.
    Pamapimod-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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