2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-117985S
    Evogliptin-d9
    		Inducer
    Evogliptin-d9 (DA-1229-d9) is deuterium labeled Evogliptin. Evogliptin (DA-1229) is an orally active DPP4 inhibitor with significant and sustained hypoglycaemic effects in mouse models. Evogliptin also inhibits the production of inflammatory and fibrotic signals in hepatocytes by inducing autophagy. Evogliptin can be used in studies of type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, renal impairment and chronic liver inflammation.
    Evogliptin-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-15127S
    Isotretinoin-d5
    Isotretinoin-d5 is the deuterium labeled Isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is an orally active vitamin A derivative and is often be used for the research of severe acne. Isotretinoin also shows anticancer activity[1][2][3].
    Isotretinoin-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-B0495S8
    Lamotrigine-13C7,15N
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C7,15N (LTG-13C7,15N) is 13C and 15N labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>7</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-B1159S1
    Nitroxoline-d5
    		Inducer
    Nitroxoline-d5 (8-Hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline-d5) is deuterium labeled Nitroxoline. Nitroxoline (8-Hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline), an antibiotic, is an orally active antibiofilm agent. Nitroxoline reduces the formation and induces the dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by chelation of iron and zinc. Nitroxoline can be used for the urinary tract infections and cancer research.
    Nitroxoline-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0901B
    Corynoxine hydrochloride
    		Activator
    Corynoxine hydrochloride, a tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid, is isolated from the hooks of Uncaria macrophylla. Corynoxine hydrochloride is a natural autophagy enhancer that promotes the clearance of alpha-synuclein via Akt/mTOR pathway.
    Corynoxine hydrochloride
  • HY-168892
    LC3B recruiter 2
    LC3B recruiter 2 (34R) is an LC3B recruiter and a component of the autophagy-lysosome pathway degradation system (ATTEC, Autophagy-Tethering Compounds), which directly binds to LC3B. LC3B recruiter 2 binds to CDK9 inhibitor SNS-032 (HY-10008) through a linker, forming an ATTEC that targets the degradation of the CDK9 and Cyclin T1 complex (with inhibitory effects on both). Therefore, LC3B recruiter 2 exerts activity through the LC3B-dependent autophagy-lysosome pathway, interfering with the cell cycle of cancer cells, thus exhibiting antitumor activity.
    LC3B recruiter 2
  • HY-15463R
    Imatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imatinib (STI571) is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinases inhibitor that selectively inhibits BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR and c-kit kinase activity. Imatinib (STI571) works by binding close to the ATP binding site, locking it in a closed or self-inhibited conformation, therefore inhibiting the enzyme activity of the protein semicompetitively. Imatinib also is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
    Imatinib (Standard)
  • HY-B1287S
    Citalopram-d3 hydrobromide
    		Inducer
    Citalopram-d3 ((±)-Citalopram-d3) hydrobromide is deuterium labeled Citalopram (hydrobromide). Citalopram hydrobromide is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Citalopram hydrobromide inhibits 5-HT uptake into synaptosomes with an IC50 of 1.8 nM. Citalopram hydrobromideinhibits the 5-HT uptake in rabbit blood platelets with an IC50 of 14 nM. Antidepressant effect.
    Citalopram-d<sub>3</sub> hydrobromide
  • HY-103157R
    PD146176 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    PD146176 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PD146176. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PD146176 (NSC168807), a 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitor, inhibits rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO (Ki=197 nM, IC50=0.54 μM). PD146176 reverses cognitive impairment, brain amyloidosis, and tau pathology by stimulating autophagy in aged triple transgenic mice[1][2][3].
    PD146176 (Standard)
  • HY-16569R
    Colchicine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Colchicine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Colchicine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Colchicine, an orally active alkaloid, is a potent tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs). Colchicine prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Colchicine has extensive anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and strong anti-fibrosis effects and has the potential for gouty arthritis research.
    Colchicine (Standard)
  • HY-18258R
    Berberine (chloride) (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Berberine (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine chloride is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.
    Berberine (chloride) (Standard)
  • HY-N0828R
    Pterostilbene (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pterostilbene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pterostilbene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid isolated from blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium. Shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Pterostilbene blocks ROS production, also exhibits inhibitory activity against various free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
    Pterostilbene (Standard)
  • HY-10295R
    SB 202190 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    SB 202190 (Standard) is the analytical standard of SB 202190. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SB 202190 is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 has anti-cancer activity and rescued memory deficits[1][2]. SB202190 induces autophagy[3].
    SB 202190 (Standard)
  • HY-10115AR
    PI-103 Hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    PI-103 (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of PI-103 (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PI-103 Hydrochloride is a dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 Hydrochloride also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 Hydrochloride induces autophagy[1][2][3][4].
    PI-103 Hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-169483
    PDIC-NC
    		Inducer
    PDIC-NC is a STING agonist. PDIC-NC is cytotoxic to tumor cells and induces ROS explosion, apoptosis and autophagy. PDIC-NC has lung specific distribution and can be used in the study of lung cancer.
    PDIC-NC
  • HY-10159AR
    Nilotinib (monohydrochloride monohydrate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nilotinib (monohydrochloride monohydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nilotinib (monohydrochloride monohydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is significantly potent against BCR-ABL, and is active against many BCR-ABL mutants.
    Nilotinib (monohydrochloride monohydrate) (Standard)
  • HY-B1839R
    Fluazinam (Standard)
    		Activator
    Fluazinam (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluazinam (HY-B1839). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluazinam is a broad spectrum pyridinamine fungal inhibitor. Fluazinam is an orally active dinitroaniline fungicide. Fluazinam induces phosphorylation of JNK, activates p38 pathway, decreases Bcl-2, activates caspase-3, decreases complex I activity, increases Autophagy and Apoptosis. Fluazinam has strong antifungal activity against F. fujikuroi and B. maydis. Fluazinam has a negative impact on Brachydanio rerio and worker bees.
    Fluazinam (Standard)
  • HY-B1392S
    Esmolol-d7 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Esmolol-d7 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Esmolol hydrochloride. Esmolol hydrochloride is a beta adrenergic receptor blocker[1][2].
    Esmolol-d<sub>7</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-B0444S
    Maprotiline-d5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Maprotiline-d5 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Maprotiline hydrochloride. Maprotiline hydrochloride is a selective noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor and a tetracyclic antidepressant[1][2].
    Maprotiline-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-B0165CS
    Pravastatin-d3 sodium
    		Activator 99.02%
    Pravastatin-d3 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Pravastatin sodium salt. Pravastatin (CS-514) sodium salt is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor against sterol synthesis with IC50 of 5.6 μM[1][2].
    Pravastatin-d<sub>3</sub> sodium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.