2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0003R
    Honokiol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Honokiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Honokiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier.
    Honokiol (Standard)
  • HY-14655S1
    Sulfasalazine-d3,15N
    		Inducer
    Sulfasalazine-d3,15N is 15N and deuterated labeled Sulfasalazine (HY-14655). Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219) is an anti-rheumatic agent for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine can suppress NF-κB activity. Sulfasalazine is a type 1 ferroptosis inducer.
    Sulfasalazine-d<sub>3</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-13528R
    Clinofibrate (Standard)
    Clinofibrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clinofibrate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clinofibrate (S-8527) is a hypelipidemic agent and a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
    Clinofibrate (Standard)
  • HY-13026R
    Idelalisib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Idelalisib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Idelalisib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Idelalisib (CAL-101; GS-1101) is a highly selective and orally bioavailable p110δ inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.5 nM, showing 40- to 300-fold selectivity for p110δ over other PI3K class I enzymes.
    Idelalisib (Standard)
  • HY-169592
    Autophagy-IN-7
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-7 is an autophagy inhibitor that can be used in the study of cancer.
    Autophagy-IN-7
  • HY-12248R
    Telaglenastat (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Telaglenastat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Telaglenastat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Telaglenastat (CB-839) is a first-in-class, selective, reversible and orally active glutaminase 1 (GLS1) inhibitor. Telaglenastat selectively inhibits GLS1 splice variants KGA (kidney-type glutaminase) and GAC (glutaminase C) compared to GLS2. The IC50s are 23 nM and 28 nM for endogenous glutaminase in mouse kidney and brain, respectively. Telaglenastat inuduces autophagy and has antitumor activity.
    Telaglenastat (Standard)
  • HY-10440R
    Vismodegib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vismodegib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vismodegib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vismodegib (GDC-0449) is an orally active hedgehog pathway inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM. Vismodegib also inhibits P-gp, ABCG2 with IC50 values of 3.0 μM and 1.4 μM, respectively.
    Vismodegib (Standard)
  • HY-17437R
    Mefloquine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Mefloquine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mefloquine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mefloquine (Mefloquin), an orally active and potent quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine (Standard)
  • HY-B0700
    Rosiglitazone sodium
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone sodium is a potent and selective activator of PPARγ, with EC50s of 30 nM, 100 nM and 60 nM for PPARγ1, PPARγ2, and PPARγ, respectively, and a Kd of appr 40 nM for PPARγ; Rosiglitazone sodium is also an modulator of TRP channels, inhibits TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2), TRPM3 and activates TRP canonical 5 (TRPC5).
    Rosiglitazone sodium
  • HY-10341D
    Fasudil mesylate
    		Inducer
    Fasudil (HA-1077; AT877) mesylate is a nonspecific and orally active RhoA/ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. Fasudil mesylate is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator.
    Fasudil mesylate
  • HY-10331R
    Regorafenib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Regorafenib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Regorafenib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) is an orally active and potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with IC50 values of 13/4.2/46, 22, 7, 1.5 and 2.5 nM for VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET and Raf-1, respectively. Regorafenib shows very robust antitumor and antiangiogenic activity.
    Regorafenib (Standard)
  • HY-B1030R
    Lanatoside C (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lanatoside C (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lanatoside C. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.Lanatoside C has an IC50 of 0.19 μM for dengue virus infection in HuH-7 cells. Lanatoside C can effectively inhibit all four serotypes of dengue virus, flavivirus Kunjin, alphavirus Chikungunya, Sindbis virus and the human enterovirus 71.
    Lanatoside C (Standard)
  • HY-N2581R
    Phytic acid sodium salt (Standard)
    		Activator
    Phytic acid (sodium salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phytic acid sodium salt (HY-N2581). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phytic acid (myo-Inositol; hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; Inositol hexaphosphate) sodium salt is an orally active compound. Phytic acid sodium salt can be derived from the seeds of legumes. Phytic acid sodium salt is a [PO4]3- storage depot and precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. Phytic acid sodium salt attenuates Aβ oligomers and upregulates autophagy protein. Phytic acid sodium salt can be used in cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, nervous system disease and cancer research.
    Phytic acid sodium salt (Standard)
  • HY-17386AR
    Rosiglitazone hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rosiglitazone (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) hydrochloride is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone hydrochloride is a TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone hydrochloride can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B1232R
    Metyrapone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Metyrapone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Metyrapone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Metyrapone (Su-4885) is a potent and orally active 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor and an autophagy activator, also inhibits the production of aldosterone. Metyrapone inhibits synthesis of endogenous adrenal corticosteroid, decreases glucocorticoid levels, and also affects behavior and emotion. In addition, Metyrapone increases the efficiency of autophagic process via downregulation of mTOR pathway, and interacts with Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450. Metyrapone can be used for researching Cushing's syndrome and depression.
    Metyrapone (Standard)
  • HY-N0052AR
    Sanguinarine chloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sanguinarine (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sanguinarine (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sanguinarine (Sanguinarin) chloride, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
    Sanguinarine chloride (Standard)
  • HY-N2149R
    Tomatidine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling. Tomatidine activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans.
    Tomatidine (Standard)
  • HY-B0217R
    Nitazoxanide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nitazoxanide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nitazoxanide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), an anthelmintic agent, exhibits a broad spectrum of activities against a wide variety of helminths, protozoa, and enteric bacteria infecting animals and humans. Nitazoxanide inhibits Giardia lamblia trophozoite proliferation in axenic culture with an IC50 of 2.4 μM. Nitazoxanide can be used for the research of parasitic gastroenteritis. Nitazoxanide shows anti-Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) activity in a mouse model.
    Nitazoxanide (Standard)
  • HY-N0221S2
    Daurisoline-d11
    		Inhibitor
    Daurisoline-d11 is the deuterium labeled Daurisoline (HY-N0221). Daurisoline is a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Menispermum dauricum and Rhizoma Menispermi. Daurisoline exerts a blocking effect on hERG and has antiarrhythmic effects. Daurisoline is a potent autophagy blocker that can be used for the research of cancer.
    Daurisoline-d<sub>11</sub>
  • HY-15340R
    LG100268 (Standard)
    LG100268 (Standard) is the analytical standard of LG100268. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. LG100268 (LG268) is a potent, selective and orally active retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist with EC50 values of 4 nM, 3 nM, and 4 nM for RXR-α, RXR-β, and RXR-γ, respectively. LG100268 displays >1000-fold selectivity for RXR over RAR, the Ki values are 3.4 nM, 6.2 nM and 9.2 nM for RXR-α, RXR-β, and RXR-γ, respectively. LG100268 activates RXR homodimers to induce transcriptional activation. LG100268 can be used for the study of lung carcinogenesisy.
    LG100268 (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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