2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-145530
    (S)-Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
    		Control
    (S)-Hydroxychloroquine ((S)-HCQ) sulfate is an isomer of Hydroxychloroquine (HY-W031727). (S)-Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (2.5-20 mg/mL) reduces the rate of insulin degradation in liver homogenates isolated from non-diabetic and diabetic rats. Formulations containing Hydroxychloroquine have been used in the study of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
    (S)-Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
  • HY-W013776
    meta-Fluoxetine hydrochloride
    		Control
    meta-Fluoxetine hydrochloride is the isomer of Fluoxetine hydrochloride (HY-B0102A). meta-Fluoxetine hydrochloride is a weak serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
    meta-Fluoxetine hydrochloride
  • HY-100599R
    Urolithin A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Atractylodin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Atractylodin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Atractylodin (Atractydin) is an orally active active ingredient obtained from the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis. Atractylodin is a natural insecticide. Atractylodin has anti-inflammatory activity.
    Urolithin A (Standard)
  • HY-B0167AR
    Sodium Salicylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sodium Salicylate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sodium Salicylate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sodium Salicylate (Salicylic acid sodium salt) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation. Sodium Salicylate is also a S6K inhibitor.Sodium Salicylate is a NF-κB inhibitor that decreases inflammatory gene expression and improves repair in aged muscle.
    Sodium Salicylate (Standard)
  • HY-17381R
    Idarubicin (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Idarubicin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Idarubicin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Idarubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antileukemic agent. It inhibits the topoisomerase II interfering with the replication of DNA and RNA transcription. Idarubicin hydrochloride inhibits the growth of bacteria and yeasts.
    Idarubicin (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-10590R
    TWS119 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    TWS119 (Standard) is the analytical standard of TWS119. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. TWS119 is a specific inhibitor of GSK-3β, with an IC50 of 30 nM, and activates the wnt/β-catenin pathway.
    TWS119 (Standard)
  • HY-Y1269AS
    Ammonium chloride-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Ammonium chloride-d4 is the deuterium labeled Ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound with pH value regulation, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis thus effecting enzymatic activity and influencing the process of biological system. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-W705354
    Vismodegib-d4
    		Inducer
    Vismodegib-d4 is deuterium labeled Vismodegib. Vismodegib (GDC-0449) is an orally active hedgehog pathway inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM. Vismodegib also inhibits P-gp, ABCG2 with IC50 values of 3.0 μM and 1.4 μM, respectively.
    Vismodegib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-B0144R
    Pitavastatin (Calcium) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pitavastatin (Calcium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pitavastatin (Calcium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin Calcium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Pitavastatin Calcium also possesses anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and reno-protective effects.
    Pitavastatin (Calcium) (Standard)
  • HY-A0016S3
    Dronedarone-d6
    		Inducer
    Dronedarone-d6 (SR 33589-d6) is deuterium labeled Dronedarone. Dronedarone (SR 33589), a derivative of amiodarone (HY-14187), is a class III antiarrhythmic agent for the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone is a potent blocker of multiple ion currents, including potassium current, sodium current, and L-type calcium current, and exhibits antiadrenergic effects by noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Dronedarone is a substrate for and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
    Dronedarone-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-13001R
    Quizartinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Quizartinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Quizartinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Quizartinib (AC220) is an orally active, highly selective and potent second-generation type II FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with a Kd of 1.6 nM. Quizartinib inhibits wild-type FLT3 and FLT3-ITD autophosphorylation in MV4-11 cells with IC50s of 4.2 and 1.1 nM, respectively. Quizartinib can be linked to the VHL ligand via an optimized linker to form a PROTAC FLT3 degrader. Quizartinib induces apoptosis.
    Quizartinib (Standard)
  • HY-D2227
    IR-58
    		Inducer
    IR-58, a mitochondria-targeting near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore, is an autophagy enhancer. IR-58 kills tumour cells and induces apoptosis via inducing excessive autophagy, which is mediated through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Akt-mTOR pathway.
    IR-58
  • HY-10455R
    Carfilzomib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Carfilzomib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Carfilzomib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Carfilzomib (PR-171) is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM in ANBL-6 and RPMI 8226 cells.
    Carfilzomib (Standard)
  • HY-13735E
    Quinacrine methanesulfonate
    		Inhibitor
    Quinacrine (Mepacrine) methanesulfonate is a potent, orally active antimalarial agent with antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Quinacrine dihydrochloride inhibits NF-κB and activates p53 signaling, inducing apoptosis in tumor cells.
    Quinacrine methanesulfonate
  • HY-12047R
    Ponatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ponatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ponatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ponatinib (AP24534) is an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.37 nM, 1.1 nM, 1.5 nM, 2.2 nM, and 5.4 nM for Abl, PDGFRα, VEGFR2, FGFR1, and Src, respectively.
    Ponatinib (Standard)
  • HY-16397AR
    Phenformin hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Phenformin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenformin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenformin hydrochloride is an anti-diabetic agent from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.
    Phenformin hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B1392R
    Esmolol (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Esmolol (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Esmolol (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 0
    Esmolol (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-B0495S5
    Lamotrigine-d3
    Lamotrigine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Lamotrigine[1]. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al[2][3].
    Lamotrigine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10205R
    Cediranib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cediranib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cediranib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cediranib (AZD2171) is a highly potent, orally available VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of <1, <3, 5, 5, 36, 2 nM for Flt1, KDR, Flt4, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, respectively.
    Cediranib (Standard)
  • HY-100263B
    Metofenazate (diethanesulfonate)
    Metofenazate diethanesulfonate is a selective calmodulin inhibitor.
    Metofenazate (diethanesulfonate)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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