2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-A0005R
    Clofarabine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Clofarabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clofarabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clofarabine, a nucleoside analogue for research of cancer, is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (IC50=65 nM) by binding to the allosteric site on the regulatory subunit.
    Clofarabine (Standard)
  • HY-W765245
    Rapamycin-13C,d3-1
    Rapamycin-13C,d3-1 (Sirolimus-13C,d3-1) is the deuterium labeled and 13C-labeled Rapamycin (HY-10219). Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
    Rapamycin-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>-1
  • HY-B0338AR
    Rimantadine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rimantadine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rimantadine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rimantadine is an orally active inhibitor for M2 protein, that blocks the hydrogen ion channel activity, prevents the entry and replication of the virus, and exhibits board-spectrum antiviral activity.
    Rimantadine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0752R
    Scutellarein (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Scutellarein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Scutellarein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Scutellarein is a natural flavonoid compound with anti-inflammatory effects.
    Scutellarein (Standard)
  • HY-B0627S
    Metformin-d6
    Metformin-d6 (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d6) is a deuterated labeled Metformin (HY-B0627). Metformin inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-161201
    Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc
  • HY-N3855
    Erythrabyssin II
    		Inhibitor
    Erythrabyssin II (EL-19) is a potent late-stage autophagy inhibitor that blocks the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. Erythrabyssin II leads to the accumulation of autophagic substrates and does not impair lysosomal pH or lysosomal enzyme activity. Erythrabyssin II suppresses ovarian cancer organoid activity and induces apoptosis. Erythrabyssin II can be used for the study of ovarian cancer.
    Erythrabyssin II
  • HY-N0575R
    Pinocembrin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pinocembrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pinocembrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Pinocembrin (Standard)
  • HY-14648S1
    Dexamethasone-d5-1
    		Inducer
    Dexamethasone-d5-1 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone-d<sub>5</sub>-1
  • HY-139543
    Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl
  • HY-10882R
    Clotrimazole (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Clotrimazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clotrimazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clotrimazole is an imidazole derivative, an antifungal compound and is a CYP (cytochrome P450) inhibitor. Clotrimazole has antibacterial activity.
    Clotrimazole (Standard)
  • HY-172255
    PI4KIII beta inhibitor 4
    		Inducer
    PI4KIII beta inhibitor 4 (Compound 16) is a selective PI4KIIIβ inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.005 μM. PI4KIIIβ inhibitor 4 induces tumor cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. PI4KIIIβ inhibitor 4 can be used in the study of cancer.
    PI4KIII beta inhibitor 4
  • HY-B0180S1
    Imiquimod-d9
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod-d9 is deuterium labeled Imiquimod. Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-138852A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0450S
    Ciclopirox-d11
    		Inducer
    Ciclopirox-d11 is the deuterium labeled Ciclopirox. Ciclopirox (HOE296b) is a synthetic antifungal agent that can be used for superficial mycoses reseaech. Ciclopirox olamine has a very broad spectrum of activity and inhibits dermatophytes, yeasts, molds, and many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species pathogenic.
    Ciclopirox-d<sub>11</sub>
  • HY-12009R
    Pazopanib Hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pazopanib (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pazopanib (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pazopanib Hydrochloride (GW786034 Hydrochloride) is a novel multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, FGFR1, and c-Fms with an IC50 of 10, 30, 47, 84, 74, 140 and 146 nM, respectively.
    Pazopanib Hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-10331S1
    Regorafenib-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Regorafenib-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Regorafenib. Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 13/4.2/46, 22, 7, 1.5 and 2.5 nM for VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET and Raf-1, respectively.
    Regorafenib-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-107966
    Heparin calcium (MW 15000-19000)
    Heparin calcium (MW 15000-19000) is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) to form a heparin-antithrombin III complex. The complex binds to and irreversibly inactivates thrombin and other activated clotting factors IX, X, XI, and XII and prevents the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin.
    Heparin calcium (MW 15000-19000)
  • HY-10572R
    Efavirenz (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Efavirenz (Standard) is the analytical standard of Efavirenz. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Efavirenz (DMP 266) is a potent inhibitor of the wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with a Ki of 2.93 nM and exhibits an IC95 of 1.5 nM for the inhibition of HIV-1 replicative spread in cell culture.
    Efavirenz (Standard)
  • HY-149563
    Thalidomide-5-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-5-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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