2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N6979R
    Crustecdysone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Crustecdysone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Crustecdysone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179).
    Crustecdysone (Standard)
  • HY-N0914R
    Ajugol (Standard)
    		Agonist
    Ajugol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ajugol (HY-N0914). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ajugol is an orally active iridoid glycoside found in the traditional Chinese medicine Leonurus japonicus. Ajugol is an autophagy activator. Ajugol activates TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Ajugol also has anti-inflammatory effects. Ajugol has great potential in the research of asthma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis.
    Ajugol (Standard)
  • HY-W727893
    Taurine-15N
    		Inducer
    Taurine-15N (2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid-15N) is 15N labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes.
    Taurine-<sub>15<sub>N<sub>
  • HY-10261BR
    (E/Z)-Afatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (E/Z)-Afatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of (E/Z)-Afatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (E/Z)-Afatinib ((E/Z)-BIBW 2992) is the mixture of (E)-Afatinib and (Z)-Afatinib. Afatinib (HY-10261) is an irreversible inhibitor of EGFR, by irreversibly binding to their ATP binding site to block activation of EGFR, HER2, HER4, and EGFRvIII. Afatinib used in co-administration with Temozolomide (HY-17364), potently targeting to EGFRvIII-cMet signaling in glioblastoma cells.
    (E/Z)-Afatinib (Standard)
  • HY-B2184R
    Sofalcone (Standard)
    Sofalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sofalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sofalcone, a gastric antiulcer agent, is known to induce the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in gastric epithelium.
    Sofalcone (Standard)
  • HY-10963
    Momelotinib mesylate
    		Inhibitor
    Momelotinib mesylate (CYT387 mesylate) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2 with IC50 of 11 nM/18 nM, appr 10-fold selectivity versus JAK3.
    Momelotinib mesylate
  • HY-N10365
    6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine
    		Activator
    6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine, a alkaloid, significantly perturbates the features of cellular organelles including early endosomes, mitochondria and autophagosomes (Parkinson’s Disease patient-derived olfactory cells).
    6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine
  • HY-10256R
    Adezmapimod (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adezmapimod (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adezmapimod. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adezmapimod (SB 203580) is a selective and ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 500 nM for SAPK2a/p38 and SAPK2b/p38β2, respectively. Adezmapimod inhibits LCK, GSK3β and PKBα with IC50s of 100-500-fold higher than that for SAPK2a/p38. Adezmapimod does not disrupt JNK activity and is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Adezmapimod (Standard)
  • HY-13629R
    Etoposide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Etoposide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Etoposide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy.
    Etoposide (Standard)
  • HY-10838R
    GW 501516 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    GW 501516 (Standard) is the analytical standard of GW 501516. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. GW 501516 (GW 1516) is a PPARδ agonist with an EC50 of 1.1 nM.
    GW 501516 (Standard)
  • HY-10284R
    Linagliptin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Linagliptin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linagliptin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linagliptin is a highly potent, selective DPP-4 inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM.
    Linagliptin (Standard)
  • HY-16685
    AGN 205327
    AGN 205327 is a potent synthetic RARs agonist with EC50 of 3766/734/32 nM for RARα/β/γ respectively; no inhibition on RXR.
    AGN 205327
  • HY-B0589H
    Atorvastatin strontium
    		Inducer
    Strontium atorvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug with activity in ameliorating cardiovascular disease-related events. Strontium atorvastatin exerts its biological activity by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in liver tissue. Strontium atorvastatin is also used to suppress dyslipidemia.
    Atorvastatin strontium
  • HY-N0221S1
    Daurisoline-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Daurisoline-d5 is the deuterium labeled Daurisoline (HY-N0221). Daurisoline is a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Menispermum dauricum and Rhizoma Menispermi. Daurisoline exerts a blocking effect on hERG and has antiarrhythmic effects. Daurisoline is a potent autophagy blocker that can be used for the research of cancer.
    Daurisoline-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-B2031R
    Pyriproxyfen (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pyriproxyfen (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyriproxyfen. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.
    Pyriproxyfen (Standard)
  • HY-13768AR
    Topotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Topotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Topotecan (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Topotecan Hydrochloride (SKF 104864A Hydrochloride) is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activities.
    Topotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-17386R
    Rosiglitazone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rosiglitazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone is an TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone (Standard)
  • HY-103400R
    8-Chloroadenosine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    8-Chloroadenosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 8-Chloroadenosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 8-Chloroadenosine (8-Cl-Ado), a unique ribonucleoside analog, depletes endogenous ATP that subsequently induces the phosphorylation and activation of AMPK. 8-Chloroadenosine induces autophagic cell death. 8-Chloroadenosine effectively inhibited in vivo tumor growth in mice.
    8-Chloroadenosine (Standard)
  • HY-17437AR
    Mefloquine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Mefloquine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mefloquine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mefloquine hydrochloride (Mefloquin hydrochloride), a quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine hydrochloride is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine hydrochloride can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-N6779R
    Patulin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Patulin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Patulin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Patulin (Terinin) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi including the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys species, causes chromosome breakage, mutation, teratogenic and cytotoxic. Patulin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and causes DNA damage.
    Patulin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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