2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W748328
    Ixazomib-13C2,15N
    		Inducer
    Ixazomib-13C2,15N is 13C and 15N labeled Ixazomib. Ixazomib (MLN2238) is a selective, potent, and reversible proteasome inhibitor, which inhibits the chymotrypsin-like proteolytic (β5) site of the 20S proteasome with an IC50 of 3.4 nM (Ki of 0.93 nM).
    Ixazomib-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-B0824A
    (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin
    (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin is a widely used pyrethroid pesticide with activity that reduces motor coordination. (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin has a significant impact on the motor function of ParKin-/- mice, as shown by increased pole climbing time and wheel running Time decreases. Exposure of (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin resulted in a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell counts and protein expression. (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin caused increased expression of mitophagy-related proteins LC3B and p62. (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin has a lower binding energy with transferrin and transferrin receptor 2, showing stronger interactions. The biological effects of (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin show relationships with mitophagy and ferroptosis-related pathways.
    (1R)-cis-Bifenthrin
  • HY-B0284S2
    Nifedipine-13C8
    		Inducer
    Nifedipine-13C8 is a deuterated labeled Nifedipine. Nifedipine (BAY-a-1040) is a potent calcium channel blocker and agent of choice for cardiac insufficiencies.
    Nifedipine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-14605R
    Rasagiline (mesylate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rasagiline (mesylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rasagiline (mesylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rasagiline (R-AGN1135) mesylate is a highly potent selective irreversible mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor with IC50s of 4.43?nM and 412?nM for rat brain MAO B and A activity, respectively. Rasagiline (mesylate) is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Rasagiline (mesylate) (Standard)
  • HY-110093
    UNC0638 hydrate
    		Inhibitor
    UNC0638 hydrate selectively inhibits G9a and GLP histone methyltransferases with IC50 of 15 nM and 19 nM, respectively. UNC0638 hydrate inhibits TNBC cell invasion and migration in vitro. UNC0638 hydrate is also an inhibitor of EHMT1/2 and induces fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression in human erythroid progenitor cell culture. In addition, UNC0638 hydrate has anti-FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) and anti-VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus) activities, with excellent potency and selectivity against multiple epigenetic and non-epigenetic targets.
    UNC0638 hydrate
  • HY-W739944
    Ambroxol-d5
    		Inducer
    Ambroxol-d5 (NA-872-d5) is deuterium labeled Ambroxol. Ambroxol (NA-872), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-B1140R
    Diazoxide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diazoxide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diazoxide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diazoxide (Sch-6783) is an ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator, has the potential for hyperinsulinism treatment.
    Diazoxide (Standard)
  • HY-14832S1
    Ataluren-13C6
    Ataluren-13C6 (PTC124-13C6) is 13C labeled Ataluren. Ataluren (PTC124) is an orally available CFTR-G542X nonsense allele inhibitor.
    Ataluren-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-10255R
    Sunitinib (Malate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sunitinib (Malate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sunitinib (Malate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sunitinib Malate (SU 11248 Malate) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 80 nM and 2 nM for VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ, respectively. Sunitinib Malate, an ATP-competitive inhibitor, effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α by inhibiting autophosphorylation and consequent RNase activation.
    Sunitinib (Malate) (Standard)
  • HY-12053AR
    Vinorelbine (ditartrate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vinorelbine (ditartrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vinorelbine (ditartrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vinorelbine (ditartrate) is an anti-mitotic agent which inhibits the proliferation of Hela cells with IC50 of 1.25 nM.
    Vinorelbine (ditartrate) (Standard)
  • HY-B1490AS3
    Imipramine-d4-1
    		Inducer
    Imipramine-d4-1 is the deuterium labeled Imipramine (HY-W010179). Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine-d<sub>4</sub>-1
  • HY-B0968S1
    Trimetazidine-d9 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Trimetazidine-d9 (dihydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of free fatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor.
    Trimetazidine-d<sub>9</sub> dihydrochloride
  • HY-A0089R
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Colistin (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic which inhibits gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
    Colistin (sulfate) (Standard)
  • HY-50673A
    Dactolisib hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Dactolisib (BEZ235) hydrochloride is an orally active, dual pan-class I PI3K and mTOR inhibitor for p110α/γ/δ/β and mTOR with IC50 of 4 nM/5 nM/7 nM/75 nM and 20.7 nM, respectively. Dactolisib hydrochloride (BEZ235) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Dactolisib hydrochloride
  • HY-B0265R
    Nimodipine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nimodipine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nimodipine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nimodipine (BAY-e 9736) is an orally active, well-tolerated and light-sensitive dihydropyridine calcium antagonist. Nimodipine can be used for the research of cerebrovascular disorders.
    Nimodipine (Standard)
  • HY-13756S2
    Tacrolimus-d3
    		Inducer
    Tacrolimus-d3 (FK506-d3) is deuterium labeled Tacrolimus. Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.
    Tacrolimus-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0271R
    Pyrazinamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pyrazinamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyrazinamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyrazinamide (Pyrazinecarboxamide; Pyrazinoic acid amide) is a potent and orally active antitubercular antibiotic. Pyrazinamide is a proagent that is converted to the active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) by PZase/nicotinamidase encoded by the pncA gene in M. tuberculosis.
    Pyrazinamide (Standard)
  • HY-15531S1
    Venetoclax-d6
    		Inducer
    Venetoclax-d6 (ABT-199-d6) is deuterium labeled Venetoclax. Venetoclax (ABT-199; GDC-0199) is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Bcl-2 inhibitor with a Ki of less than 0.01 nM. Venetoclax induces autophagy.
    Venetoclax-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0960R
    Sulfabenzamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sulfabenzamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sulfabenzamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sulfabenzamide (N-Sulfanilylbenzamide) is an antimicrobial agent and usually consumed in combination with Sulfathiazole and Sulfacetamide. Sulfabenzamide is effective against Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains.
    Sulfabenzamide (Standard)
  • HY-50935R
    Troglitazone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Troglitazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Troglitazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC50s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.
    Troglitazone (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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