2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-157749
    Thalidomide-piperazine-(S)-CH2-pyrrolidine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperazine-(S)-CH2-Pyrrolidine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C (CH3)3 is a synthetic E3 ligase ligand-Linker conjugate. Thalidomide-piperazine-(S)-Ch2-Pyrrolidine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3 includes Thalidomide-based cereblon ligands and linkers. Thalidomide-piperazine-(S)-CH2-Pyrrolidine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3 can be used to synthesize PROTAC BET.
    Thalidomide-piperazine-(S)-CH2-pyrrolidine-C2-O-CH2-COO-C(CH3)3
  • HY-N1435R
    Oroxin B (Standard)
    Oroxin B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oroxin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oroxin B (OB) is a flavonoid isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Oroxin B (OB) possesses obvious inhibitory effect and induces early apoptosis rather than late apoptosis on liver cancer cells through upregulation of PTEN, down regulation of COX-2, VEGF, PI3K, and p-AKT. Oroxin B (OB) selectively induces tumor-suppressive ER stress in malignant lymphoma cells.
    Oroxin B (Standard)
  • HY-N6772R
    Cytochalasin E (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Antazoline (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Antazoline (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Antazoline phosphate is an H1 receptor antagonist that affects the activity of the central nervous system, has a potent antiarrhythmic effect.
    Cytochalasin E (Standard)
  • HY-B2098A
    Lucanthone hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Lucanthone hydrochloride is an endonuclease inhibitor of Apurinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1).
    Lucanthone hydrochloride
  • HY-161745
    PBA-1105b
    PBA-1105b is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) that induces p62 self-oligomerization. PBA-1105b increases the autophagic flux of Ub-conjugated aggregates. PBA-1105b is a drastically longer PEG-based linker than PBA-1105.
    PBA-1105b
  • HY-N0105R
    Rhein (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rhein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rhein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.
    Rhein (Standard)
  • HY-141014
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-Boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-Boc is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-Boc
  • HY-174157
    AR493
    		Activator
    AR493 is an autophagy activator acting on AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase). AR493 regulates pathways related to cellular energy sensing and increases autophagy levels. AR493 is promising for research of aging-associated diseases (such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases) and autophagy regulation.
    AR493
  • HY-168507
    SG31
    		Inducer
    SG31 is a potent autophagy activator via the AMPK/ULK1-dependent pathway.
    SG31
  • HY-B0492S1
    Paroxetine-d4 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.16%
    Paroxetine-d4 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Paroxetine (hydrochloride). Paroxetine hydrochloride is a potent selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, commonly prescribed as an and has GRK2 inhibitory ability with IC50 of 14?μM. Paroxetine hydrochloride can be used for the research of depressive disorder.
    Paroxetine-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-13287A
    SGI-1776
    		Inducer
    SGI-1776 is an inhibitor of Pim kinases, with IC50s of 7 nM, 363 nM, and 69 nM for Pim-1, Pim-2 and Pim-3, respectively.
    SGI-1776
  • HY-139207A
    Glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride
    Glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride
  • HY-138851A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-W998329
    Thalidomide-O-amide-C5-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amide-C5-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amide-C5-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-161195
    Deoxy-thalidomide-piperidine-C-piperazine-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Deoxy-thalidomide-piperidine-C-piperazine-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Deoxy-thalidomide-piperidine-C-piperazine-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Deoxy-thalidomide-piperidine-C-piperazine-C-boc
  • HY-134558
    5-Methoxyflavanone
    		Inducer
    5-Methoxyflavanone is a 5-Methoxyflavone metabolite when fermented with Beauveria bassiana.
    5-Methoxyflavanone
  • HY-110189S
    Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium-13C2,d2
    		Inducer
    Pregnenolone monosulfate (sodium)-13C2,d2 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate sodium) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium salt acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium salt can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium salt is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels.
    Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-179052
    Apoptosis inducer 50
    		Inducer
    Apoptosis inducer 50 (Compound 5e) is an apoptosis inducer as well as an autophagy inducer agent. Apoptosis inducer 50 exhibits potent and selective anti-cancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells and metastatic colon cancer cells. Apoptosis inducer 50 upregulates the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bim, cleaved Caspase-9) and downregulates the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein (BCL-XL). Apoptosis inducer 50 upregulates key autophagy markers such as Beclin-1 and ATG5, and enhances the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II., Apoptosis inducer 50 arrests cancer cells in the G1/S phase by upregulating the expression of p21 and p27 while downregulating Cyclin D1. Apoptosis inducer 50 increases the level of ROS.
    Apoptosis inducer 50
  • HY-138443A
    BF-175
    		Inducer
    BF-175 is a selective SIRT1 agonist. BF175 increases SIRT1-mediated activation of PGC1-α, induces Apoptosis, induces Autophagy and inhibits SREBP activity. BF-175 protects against high glucose-mediated mitochondrial injury. BF-175 attenuates diabetic kidney disease progression. BF175 inhibits endometrial carcinoma.
    BF-175
  • HY-50946R
    Imatinib Mesylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imatinib (Mesylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imatinib (Mesylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imatinib Mesylate (STI571 Mesylate) is a tyrosine kinases inhibitor that inhibits c-Kit, Bcr-Abl, and PDGFR (IC50=100 nM) tyrosine kinases.
    Imatinib Mesylate (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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