2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-14249R
    Bicalutamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bicalutamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bicalutamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bicalutamide is an orally active non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. Bicalutamide can be used for the research of prostate cancer.
    Bicalutamide (Standard)
  • HY-13777R
    Zoledronic Acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Zoledronic Acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Zoledronic Acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic Acid (Standard)
  • HY-10260R
    Vandetanib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vandetanib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vandetanib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vandetanib (D6474) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of VEGFR2/KDR tyrosine kinase activity (IC50=40 nM). Vandetanib also has activity versus the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR3/FLT4 (IC50=110 nM) and EGFR/HER1 (IC50=500 nM).
    Vandetanib (Standard)
  • HY-100973AR
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) metabolite. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium is the most potent and primary intracellular Ca2+-permeable cation TRPM2 channel activator. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium also can enhance autophagy.
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (Standard)
  • HY-14541S2
    Olanzapine-d8
    		Inducer
    Olanzapine-d8 is a deuterated labeled Olanzapine. Olanzapine (LY170053) is a selective, orally active monoaminergic antagonist with high affinity binding to serotonin H1, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3, 5HT6 (Ki=7, 4, 11, 57, and 5 nM, respectively), dopamine D1-4 (Ki=11 to 31 nM), muscarinic M1-5 (Ki=1.9-25 nM), and adrenergic α1 receptor (Ki=19 nM). Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic.
    Olanzapine-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-14286R
    Levosimendan (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Levosimendan (Standard) is the analytical standard of Levosimendan. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Levosimendan (Simsndan; OR-1259) is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure.
    Levosimendan (Standard)
  • HY-W654320
    Piperin-d10
    		Inducer
    Piperin-d10 is deuterium labeled Piperine. Piperine is an alkaloid, can be isolated from pepper. Piperine can inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Piperine inhibits HeLa cells with an IC50 of 61.94±0.054 μg/mL.
    Piperin-d<sub>10</sub>
  • HY-76847S4
    Chenodeoxycholic acid-d2
    Chenodeoxycholic acid-d2 (CDCA-d2) is deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
    Chenodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-12057S
    Vemurafenib-d5
    		Inducer
    Vemurafenib-d5 is the deuterium labeled Vemurafenib. Vemurafenib (PLX4032) is a first-in-class, selective, potent inhibitor of B-RAF kinase, with IC50s of 31 and 48 nM for RAFV600E and c-RAF-1, respectively[1][4]. Vemurafenib induces cell autophagy[5].
    Vemurafenib-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-13605R
    Cytarabine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cytarabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cytarabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Cytarabine (Standard)
  • HY-B0180R
    Imiquimod (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imiquimod. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod (Standard)
  • HY-13749S2
    Sitagliptin-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Sitagliptin-d4 (MK-0431-d4) is deuterium labeled Sitagliptin. Sitagliptin (MK-0431) is a potent and orally active inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts.
    Sitagliptin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N3182A
    N-Methylnuciferine iodide
    		Activator
    N-Methylnuciferine iodide, an alkaloid from Lotus Plumule, ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior.
    N-Methylnuciferine iodide
  • HY-10115R
    PI-103 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    PI-103 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PI-103. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PI-103 is a potent PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 induces autophagy.
    PI-103 (Standard)
  • HY-132549S
    Nilotinib-d3
    		Inducer
    Nilotinib-d3 is the deuterium labeled Nilotinib. Nilotinib is an orally available Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity[1][2].
    Nilotinib-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10255AS1
    Sunitinib-d4
    		Inducer
    Sunitinib-d4 is the deuterium labeled Sunitinib. Sunitinib (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 80 nM and 2 nM for VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ, respectively[1]. Sunitinib, an ATP-competitive inhibitor, effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α by inhibiting autophosphorylation and consequent RNase activation[2].
    Sunitinib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-17386S1
    Rosiglitazone-d4
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone-d4 is deuterated labeled Rosiglitazone (HY-17386). Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone is an TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-B0180C
    Imiquimod dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod (R 837) dihydrochloride, an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod dihydrochloride
  • HY-13596R
    Cisatracurium (besylate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cisatracurium (besylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cisatracurium (besylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cisatracurium besylate (51W89) is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.
    Cisatracurium (besylate) (Standard)
  • HY-N1399R
    Androsin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Androsin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Androsin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Androsin is an active compound isolated from Picrorhiza Kurroa Royle ex Benth. Androsin activates AMPKα/PI3K/Beclin1/LC3 signaling pathway, inhibits SREBP1c/FASN signaling pathway. Androsin can be used in research of asthma and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Androsin is orally active.
    Androsin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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