2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-138854
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
  • HY-14664B
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin
    		Inducer
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin is the 3R,5S-isomer Fluvastatin. Fluvastatin (XU 62-320 free acid) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin
  • HY-143656
    SH379
    SH379 is the derivative of 2-methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene. SH379 is a potent and orally active anti-late-onset hypogonadism agent. SH379 significantly promotes the expression of the key testosterone synthesis-related enzymes StAR and 3β-HSD. SH379 stimulates autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
    SH379
  • HY-158436
    Antitumor agent-155
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-155 (Compound 13) inhibits microtubule polymerization, induces autophagy and apoptosis. Antitumor agent-155 shows cytotoxicity against HCT116, A549, AGS, SK-MES-1 cells with IC50s of 0.227, 0.253, 0.574, 0.423 μM respectively.
    Antitumor agent-155
  • HY-144449
    mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1
    		Inducer
    mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1 is a potent mTOR and HDAC6 dual inhibitor (IC50s of 133.7 nM and 56 nM for mTOR and HDAC6, respectively). mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1 can induce significant autophagy, apoptosis and suppress migration. mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1 has potential to research Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1
  • HY-W740884
    Rutin-d3
    		Inducer
    Rutin-d3 is a deuterated labeled Rutin-d3.
    Rutin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-114118S
    Semaglutide-d8
    Semaglutide-d8 is the deuterium labeled Semaglutide (HY-114118). Semaglutide is a long-acting, selective, competitive GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-12177S
    Aliskiren-d6 hemifumarate
    		Inducer
    Aliskiren-d6 (hemifumarate) is a deuterium labeled Aliskiren hemifumarate. Aliskiren hemifumarate is a direct and orally active renin inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.5 nM.
    Aliskiren-d<sub>6</sub> hemifumarate
  • HY-17507AR
    Pantoprazole sodium (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole sodium (BY10232 sodium) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium (Standard)
  • HY-161206
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc
  • HY-B0102D
    Fluoxetine oxalate
    		Inducer
    Fluoxetine oxalate is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class used for antidepressant research.
    Fluoxetine oxalate
  • HY-B0144S
    Pitavastatin-d4 hemicalcium
    		Inducer
    Pitavastatin-d4 (hemicalcium) is deuterium labeled Pitavastatin (Calcium). Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin Calcium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Anti-cancer activity[1][2][3].
    Pitavastatin-d<sub>4</sub> hemicalcium
  • HY-161744
    PBA-1106
    		Inducer
    PBA-1106 is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) that induces p62 self-oligomerization. PBA-1106 increases the autophagic flux of Ub-conjugated aggregates.
    PBA-1106
  • HY-118620R
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Nortriptyline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nortriptyline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects. N
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
  • HY-W584512
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO (t-Bu) is a ligand for E3 ubiquitin ligase PROTAC BET Degrader-1 (HY-103633).
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-B0239S2
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d6
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d6 is the deuterium labeled Chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research.
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-130353R
    Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Desethylamiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Desethylamiodarone (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (N-desethylamiodarone hydrochloride) is a major active metabolite of Amiodarone. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride is formed by CYP3A isoenzymes. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM.
    Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B1490S1
    Imipramine-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Imipramine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Imipramine (hydrochloride). Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-B0117R
    Tigecycline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tigecycline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tigecycline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tigecycline (GAR-936) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. The mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline for E. coli (MG1655 strain) is approximately 125 ng/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 are 1 and 2 mg/L for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), respectively.
    Tigecycline (Standard)
  • HY-100189
    LS2265
    		Inducer
    LS2265 is a taurine derivative of fenofibrate and can induce proliferation of peroxisomes in liver cells of rats.
    LS2265
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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