2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15127R
    Isotretinoin (Standard)
    Isotretinoin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isotretinoin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) is an orally active vitamin A derivative and is often be used for the research of severe acne. Isotretinoin also shows anticancer activity.
    Isotretinoin (Standard)
  • HY-14248R
    Letrozole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Letrozole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Letrozole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Letrozole (CGS 20267) is a potent, selective, reversible and orally active non-steroidal inhibitor of aromatase, with an IC50 of 11.5 nM. Letrozole selective inhibits estrogen biosynthesis, and can be used for the research of breast cancer.
    Letrozole (Standard)
  • HY-N7459
    Sakurasosaponin
    		Inducer
    Sakurasosaponin is a saponin with potential anticancer activity that can be extracted from the root of Primula sieboldii. Sakurasosaponin can activate the AMPK pathway to induce cell autophagy and exert anti-NSCLC cell proliferation activity. Sakurasosaponin also has antifungal activity and significantly inhibits the growth of anthrax.
    Sakurasosaponin
  • HY-B0715S3
    Pentoxifylline-d3
    		Inducer
    Pentoxifylline-d3 (BL-191-d3) is deuterium labeled Pentoxifylline. Pentoxifylline (BL-191), a haemorheological agent, is an orally active non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, with immune modulation, anti-inflammatory, hemorheological, anti-fibrinolytic and anti-proliferation effects. Pentoxifylline can be used for the research of peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and a number of other conditions involving a defective regional microcirculation.
    Pentoxifylline-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-17356S2
    Fenofibrate-13C6
    		Inducer
    Fenofibrate-13C6 is a deuterated labeled Fenofibrate. Fenofibrate is a selective PPARα agonist with an EC50 of 30 μM. Fenofibrate also inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoforms, with IC50s of 0.2, 0.7, 9.7, 4.8 and 142.1 μM for CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4, respectively.
    Fenofibrate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-107811R
    Harmol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Harmol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Harmol (HY-107811). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Harmol hydrochloride is an orally active β-carboline alkaloid. Harmol hydrochloride is a TFEB activator and monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Harmol can induce cell mitosis, Autophagy and Apoptosis. Harmol promotes the degradation of α-synuclein by regulating the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Harmol has anti-tumor, anti-depressant and anti-aging activities. Harmol improves motor impairment in a mouse Parkinson's disease model.
    Harmol (Standard)
  • HY-10532R
    SRT 1720 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    SRT 1720 (Standard) is the analytical standard of SRT 1720. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SRT 1720 is a selective activator of human SIRT1 with an EC1.5 of 0.16 μM, and shows less potent activities for SIRT2 and SIRT3 with EC1.5s of 37 μM and > 300 μM, respectively.
    SRT 1720 (Standard)
  • HY-50898R
    Lapatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lapatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lapatinib (GW572016) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib (Standard)
  • HY-13677R
    6-Mercaptopurine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    6-Mercaptopurine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 6-Mercaptopurine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 6-Mercaptopurine is a purine analogue which acts as an antagonist of the endogenous purines and has been widely used as antileukemic agent and immunosuppressive drug.
    6-Mercaptopurine (Standard)
  • HY-12542AR
    Dantrolene (sodium hemiheptahydrate) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dantrolene (sodium hemiheptahydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dantrolene (sodium hemiheptahydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is an orally active, non-competitive glutathione reductase inhibitor with a Ki of 111.6 μM and an IC50 of 52.3 μM. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) antagonist and Ca2+ signaling stabilizer. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate is a direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate can be used for the research of muscle spasticity, malignant hyperthermia, Huntington's disease and other neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
    Dantrolene (sodium hemiheptahydrate) (Standard)
  • HY-160896
    Autophagy-IN-5
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-5 (Compound A9) is an inhibitor for autophagy with an EC50 of 0.736 μM.
    Autophagy-IN-5
  • HY-N0163R
    Magnolol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Magnolol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Magnolol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Magnolol, a natural lignan isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values of 10.4 μM and 17.7 μM, respectively.
    Magnolol (Standard)
  • HY-50898CS
    Lapatinib-d4 tosylate
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib-d4 (GW572016-d4) tosylate is deuterium labeled Lapatinib (tosylate). Lapatinib (GW572016) tosylate is a potent, orally active inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib-d<sub>4</sub> tosylate
  • HY-N0221S
    Daurisoline-d2
    		Inhibitor
    Daurisoline-d2 is the deuterium labeled Daurisoline (HY-N0221). Daurisoline is a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Menispermum dauricum and Rhizoma Menispermi. Daurisoline exerts a blocking effect on hERG and has antiarrhythmic effects. Daurisoline is a potent autophagy blocker that can be used for the research of cancer.
    Daurisoline-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-12273G
    DMH-1 (GMP)
    		Inducer
    DMH-1 (GMP) is a GMP-grade version of DMH-1 (HY-12273). Small molecules of GMP grade can be used as adjuvant reagents in cell therapy. DMH-1 (GMP) promotes cardiac differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. DMH-1 (GMP) promotes neurogenesis of hiPSCs. DMH-1 is a potent and selective BMP inhibitor.
    DMH-1 (GMP)
  • HY-N0003R
    Honokiol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Honokiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Honokiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier.
    Honokiol (Standard)
  • HY-14655S1
    Sulfasalazine-d3,15N
    		Inducer
    Sulfasalazine-d3,15N is 15N and deuterated labeled Sulfasalazine (HY-14655). Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219) is an anti-rheumatic agent for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine can suppress NF-κB activity. Sulfasalazine is a type 1 ferroptosis inducer.
    Sulfasalazine-d<sub>3</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-169592
    Autophagy-IN-7
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-7 is an autophagy inhibitor that can be used in the study of cancer.
    Autophagy-IN-7
  • HY-10440R
    Vismodegib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vismodegib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vismodegib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vismodegib (GDC-0449) is an orally active hedgehog pathway inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM. Vismodegib also inhibits P-gp, ABCG2 with IC50 values of 3.0 μM and 1.4 μM, respectively.
    Vismodegib (Standard)
  • HY-B1227R
    Carprofen (Standard)
    Carprofen (Standard) is the analytical standard of Carprofen. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Carprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a multi-target FAAH/COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 3.9 μM, 22.3 μM and 78.6 μM for COX-2, COX-1 and FAAH, respectively.
    Carprofen (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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