2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-139543
    Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-PEG2-Cl
  • HY-10882R
    Clotrimazole (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Clotrimazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clotrimazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clotrimazole is an imidazole derivative, an antifungal compound and is a CYP (cytochrome P450) inhibitor. Clotrimazole has antibacterial activity.
    Clotrimazole (Standard)
  • HY-172255
    PI4KIII beta inhibitor 4
    		Inducer
    PI4KIII beta inhibitor 4 (Compound 16) is a selective PI4KIIIβ inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.005 μM. PI4KIIIβ inhibitor 4 induces tumor cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. PI4KIIIβ inhibitor 4 can be used in the study of cancer.
    PI4KIII beta inhibitor 4
  • HY-B0180S1
    Imiquimod-d9
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod-d9 is deuterium labeled Imiquimod. Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19[1][2].
    Imiquimod-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-138852A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0450S
    Ciclopirox-d11
    		Inducer
    Ciclopirox-d11 is the deuterium labeled Ciclopirox. Ciclopirox (HOE296b) is a synthetic antifungal agent that can be used for superficial mycoses reseaech. Ciclopirox olamine has a very broad spectrum of activity and inhibits dermatophytes, yeasts, molds, and many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species pathogenic[1].
    Ciclopirox-d<sub>11</sub>
  • HY-12009R
    Pazopanib (Hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pazopanib (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pazopanib (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pazopanib Hydrochloride (GW786034 Hydrochloride) is a novel multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, FGFR1, and c-Fms with an IC50 of 10, 30, 47, 84, 74, 140 and 146 nM, respectively.
    Pazopanib (Hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-10331S1
    Regorafenib-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Regorafenib-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Regorafenib. Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 13/4.2/46, 22, 7, 1.5 and 2.5 nM for VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET and Raf-1, respectively.
    Regorafenib-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-107966
    Heparin calcium (MW 15000-19000)
    Heparin calcium (MW 15000-19000) is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) to form a heparin-antithrombin III complex. The complex binds to and irreversibly inactivates thrombin and other activated clotting factors IX, X, XI, and XII and prevents the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin.
    Heparin calcium (MW 15000-19000)
  • HY-10572R
    Efavirenz (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Efavirenz (Standard) is the analytical standard of Efavirenz. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Efavirenz (DMP 266) is a potent inhibitor of the wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with a Ki of 2.93 nM and exhibits an IC95 of 1.5 nM for the inhibition of HIV-1 replicative spread in cell culture.
    Efavirenz (Standard)
  • HY-B0180S
    Imiquimod-d6
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod-d6 is the deuterium labeled Imiquimod. Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19[1][2].
    Imiquimod-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-14664AR
    Fluvastatin (sodium) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Fluvastatin (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluvastatin (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluvastatin sodium (XU 62320) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin sodium protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    Fluvastatin (sodium) (Standard)
  • HY-N0031R
    Plantamajoside (Standard)
    		Activator
    Plantamajoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Plantamajoside. This product is intended for use in research and analytical applications. Plantamajoside is an orally active phenylpropanoid glycoside. Plantamajoside can be isolated from Plantago asiatica L.(Plantaginaceae). Plantamajoside inactivates NF-κB, PI3K/akt, induces Apoptosis, and improves Autophagy. Plantamajoside regulates MAPK, integrin-linked kinase/c-Src. Plantamajoside inhibits multiple cancers, improves lung and kidney damage. Plantamajoside has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
    Plantamajoside (Standard)
  • HY-10227R
    Bortezomib (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Bortezomib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bortezomib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bortezomib (PS-341) is a reversible and selective proteasome inhibitor, and potently inhibits 20S proteasome (Ki=0.6 nM) by targeting a threonine residue. Bortezomib disrupts the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and inhibits NF-κB. Bortezomib is the first proteasome inhibitor anticancer agent. Anti-cancer activity.
    Bortezomib (Standard)
  • HY-10108R
    LY294002 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    LY294002 (Standard) is the analytical standard of LY294002. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. LY294002 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of PI3K with IC50s of 0.5, 0.57, and 0.97 μM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ and PI3Kβ, respectively. LY294002 also inhibits CK2 with an IC50 of 98 nM. LY294002 is a competitive DNA-PK inhibitor that binds reversibly to the kinase domain of DNA-PK with an IC50 of 1.4?μM. LY294002 is an apoptosis activator.
    LY294002 (Standard)
  • HY-13725R
    Pirarubicin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pirarubicin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pirarubicin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pirarubicin is an anthracycline antibiotics, acts as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, and is a widely used for treatment of various cancers, in particular, solid tumors.
    Pirarubicin (Standard)
  • HY-17362R
    Vancomycin (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Vancomycin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vancomycin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.
    Vancomycin (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-15296R
    Cabergoline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cabergoline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cabergoline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cabergoline is an ergot derived-dopamine D2-like receptor agonist that has high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors (Ki=0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively).
    Cabergoline (Standard)
  • HY-N0112S
    Dihydromyricetin-d4
    		Inducer
    Dihydromyricetin-d4 (Ampelopsin-d4) is deuterium labeled Dihydromyricetin. Dihydromyricetin is a potent inhibitor with an IC50 of 48 μM on dihydropyrimidinase. Dihydromyricetin can activate autophagy through inhibiting mTOR signaling. Dihydromyricetin suppresses the formation of mTOR complexes (mTORC1/2). Dihydromyricetin is also a potent influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with an IC50 of 22 μM.
    Dihydromyricetin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-100256R
    Trifarotene (Standard)
    Trifarotene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trifarotene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trifarotene (CD5789) is a potent and selective RARγ agonist. Trifarotene (CD5789) shows ∼65-fold and ∼16-fold selectivitiy for the RARγ (EC50=7.7 nM) over RARα (EC50=500 nM) and RARβ (EC50=125 nM), respectively.
    Trifarotene (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.