2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N1362R
    Salvianolic acid B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salvianolic acid B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salvianolic acid B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salvianolic acid B is an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has been widely applied in China for the management of various microcirculation-related disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetic vascular complication.
    Salvianolic acid B (Standard)
  • HY-50896S1
    Erlotinib-13C6
    		Inducer
    Erlotinib-13C6 is a 13C-labeled Erlotinib. Erlotinib is a directly acting EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 nM for human EGFR[1].
    Erlotinib-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-170998
    ATG16L1 stabilizer-1
    		Inducer
    ATG16L1 stabilizer-1 (compound A3B) is an FKBP12-independent ATG16L1 stabilizer that promotes cellular Autophagy. ATG16L1 stabilizer-1 inhibits ATG16L1 with an EC50 of 12.1 μM in the presence or absence of FKBP12. ATG16L1 stabilizer-1 alone induces GFP-LC3 puncta formation to a small extent with an EC50 of 12.0 μM.
    ATG16L1 stabilizer-1
  • HY-N15226
    Butyrolactone Ia
    		Modulator
    Butyrolactone Ia is the inhibitor for the NO production with an IC50 of 18 μM. Butyrolactone Ia inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced mRNA expression of iNOS and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Butyrolactone Ia modulates autophagy in HeLa cells, and exhibits immune suppressive activity.
    Butyrolactone Ia
  • HY-141813
    Autophagy-IN-C1
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-C1 not only induces apoptosis but also blocks autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
    Autophagy-IN-C1
  • HY-N6038R
    Gartanin (Standard)
    Gartanin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gartanin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gartanin is a natural xanthone of mangosteen, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, neuroprotective and antineoplastic properties. Gartanin induces cell cycle arrest and autophagy and suppresses migration in human glioma cells.
    Gartanin (Standard)
  • HY-158775
    Ferroptocide
    		Inducer
    Ferroptocide is a cell death inducer that triggers ferroptosis and has anti-tumor activity. Ferroptocide can induce oxidative stress, leading to G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis activation in LNCaP cells, while also effectively inhibiting the cell viability of both LNCaP and TRAMP-C1 cells. Ferroptocide can be used to study its capability to induce mitochondrial autophagy and to trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) in prostate cancer cells.
    Ferroptocide
  • HY-N0692R
    Schisandrol B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Schisandrol B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Schisandrol B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Schisandrol B (Gomisin-A) is a major active constituent of Schisandra chinensis with hepato-protective effects. Schisandrol B inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Schisandrol B inhibits the activity of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A and also has anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities.
    Schisandrol B (Standard)
  • HY-13715S
    (Rac)-Norepinephrine-d3 formate
    		Inducer
    (Rac)-Norepinephrine-d3 (formate) is deuterium labeled Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α1, α2, β1 receptors[1][2][3][4].
    (Rac)-Norepinephrine-d<sub>3</sub> formate
  • HY-B0495S
    Lamotrigine-13C3,d3
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C3,d3 is the 13C-labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al[1][2].
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0733S5
    Glucosamine-13C6,15N hydrochloride
    Glucosamine-13C6,15N (hydrochloride) is the 13C and 15N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids,
    Glucosamine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-76847S1
    Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d9
    Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d9 is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
    Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-N10611
    Elsinochrome A
    		Inducer
    Elsinochrome A is a perylene quinone photosensitizer, and can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis and autophagy under light excitation. Elsinochrome A also shows antifungal activity against C. albicans biofilm through photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). Elsinochrome A can be used for research of photodynamic therapy (PDT) (Ex: 460 nm).
    Elsinochrome A
  • HY-A0005R
    Clofarabine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Clofarabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clofarabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clofarabine, a nucleoside analogue for research of cancer, is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (IC50=65 nM) by binding to the allosteric site on the regulatory subunit.
    Clofarabine (Standard)
  • HY-B0338AR
    Rimantadine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rimantadine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rimantadine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rimantadine is an orally active inhibitor for M2 protein, that blocks the hydrogen ion channel activity, prevents the entry and replication of the virus, and exhibits board-spectrum antiviral activity.
    Rimantadine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0752R
    Scutellarein (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Scutellarein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Scutellarein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Scutellarein is a natural flavonoid compound with anti-inflammatory effects.
    Scutellarein (Standard)
  • HY-161201
    Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C-boc
  • HY-N0733S
    Glucosamine-13C hydrochloride
    Glucosamine-13C (hydrochloride) is the 13C labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a
    Glucosamine-<sup>13</sup>C hydrochloride
  • HY-N0575R
    Pinocembrin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pinocembrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pinocembrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Pinocembrin (Standard)
  • HY-14648S1
    Dexamethasone-d5-1
    		Inducer
    Dexamethasone-d5-1 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone-d<sub>5</sub>-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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