2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-168206
    Autophagy-IN-6
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-6 (compound 1u) is a lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor and can induces LC3-II protein accumulation. Autophagy-IN-6 shows anti-proliferative activity.
    Autophagy-IN-6
  • HY-12033S1
    2-Methoxyestradiol-13C6
    		Inducer
    2-Methoxyestradiol-13C6 is the 13C-labeled 2-Methoxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa[1][2][3][4][5][6].
    2-Methoxyestradiol-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N0155R
    Nobiletin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nobiletin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nobiletin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nobiletin is a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel that improves memory loss. Nobiletin is a retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) agonist. Nobiletin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties, including anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and induced apoptosis.
    Nobiletin (Standard)
  • HY-P10110
    retro-inverso TAT-Beclin 1 (D-amino acid)
    		Inducer
    retro-inverso TAT-Beclin 1 D-amino acid is has higher activity and resistance to proteolytic degradation in vivo compared to L-amino acids peptide. TAT-Beclin 1 can induce autophagy in peripheral tissues in adult mice as well as in the central nervous system of neonatal mice.
    retro-inverso TAT-Beclin 1 (D-amino acid)
  • HY-10159S1
    Nilotinib-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Nilotinib-13C,d3 is a deuterated labeled Nilotinib. Nilotinib is an orally available Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.
    Nilotinib-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-139547
    Thalidomide-5,6-Cl
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5,6-Cl is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5,6-Cl can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5,6-Cl
  • HY-10181BR
    Dasatinib monohydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dasatinib (monohydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dasatinib (monohydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) monohydrate is a highly potent, ATP competitive, orally active dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Kis are 16 pM and 30 pM for Src and Bcr-Abl, respectively. Dasatinib monohydrate inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC50s of <1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib monohydrate also induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Dasatinib monohydrate (Standard)
  • HY-N0198R
    Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nordihydroguaiaretic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
    Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (Standard)
  • HY-B0495S1
    Lamotrigine-13C,d3
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al[1][2].
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-161102
    [Ru(phen)2(xant)] hexafluorophosphate
    		Inducer
    [Ru(phen)2(xant)] hexafluorophosphate is an inducer of Autophagy. [Ru(phen)2(xant)] hexafluorophosphate eliminates CRC stem cells by targeting the chaperone Hsp90. [Ru(phen)2(xant)] hexafluorophosphate reduces cell migration and invasion.
    [Ru(phen)2(xant)] hexafluorophosphate
  • HY-N6257R
    Cafestol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cafestol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cafestol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cafestol is an orally active diterpenoid and an inhibitor of ERK2. Cafestol has elevated blood lipids, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-diabetic activities. In addition, Cafestol induces tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy, which can be used in the study of cancer.
    Cafestol (Standard)
  • HY-B0091R
    Adapalene (Standard)
    Adapalene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adapalene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adapalene (CD271), a third-generation synthetic retinoid, is widely used for the research of acne. Adapalene is a potent RAR agonist, with AC50s of 2.3 nM, 9.3 nM, and 22 nM for RARβ, RARγ, RARα, respectively. Adapalene also inhibits the enzymatic activity of GOT1 in a non-competitive manner. Adapalene exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Adapalene (Standard)
  • HY-12048R
    Chelerythrine chloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Chelerythrine (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chelerythrine (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chelerythrine chloride is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C, with an IC50 of 660 nM. Chelerythrine chloride inhibits the Bcl-XL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with IC50 of 1.5 μM and displaces Bax from Bcl-XL. Chelerythrine chloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Chelerythrine chloride (Standard)
  • HY-100561S
    Tempol-d17,15N
    Tempol-d17,15N is the deuterium labeled Tempol[1]. Tempol is a general superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic agent that efficiently neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3].
    Tempol-d<sub>17</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-15030R
    Naproxen (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Naproxen (Standard) is the analytical standard of Naproxen. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Naproxen is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC50s of 8.72 and 5.15 μM, respectively in cell assay.
    Naproxen (Standard)
  • HY-15025AR
    Sildenafil (citrate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sildenafil (citrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sildenafil (citrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sildenafil citrate is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with IC50 of 5.22 nM.
    Sildenafil (citrate) (Standard)
  • HY-124451
    2-Chloronaphthalene
    		Inducer 99.69%
    2-Chloronaphthalene, serving as an intermediate in organic synthesis, is classified as a persistent organic pollutant. 2-Chloronaphthalene can induce apoptosis and autophagy, while inhibiting cell proliferation. 2-Chloronaphthalene leads to cell death through the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis.
    2-Chloronaphthalene
  • HY-139544
    Thalidomide-5-propoxyethanamine
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-propoxyethanamine is the Thalidomide-based cereblon (CRBN) ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.
    Thalidomide-5-propoxyethanamine
  • HY-B1490R
    Imipramine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imipramine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imipramine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imipramine hydrochloride is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine hydrochloride is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine hydrochloride also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine hydrochloride shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-163239
    (R)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrrolidineethanol
    		Inducer
    (R)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrrolidineethanol is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (R)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrrolidineethanol can serve as Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (R)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrrolidineethanol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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