2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-100561S1
    Tempol-d17
    Tempol-d17 is the deuterium labeled Tempol[1]. Tempol is a general superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic agent that efficiently neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3].
    Tempol-d<sub>17</sub>
  • HY-17439R
    Salinomycin (sodium salt) (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Salinomycin (sodium salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salinomycin (sodium salt). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium), an antibiotic potassium ionophore, is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium) acts on the Wnt/Fzd/LRP complex, blocks Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, and causes degradation of the LRP6 protein. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium) shows selective activity against human cancer stem cells.
    Salinomycin (sodium salt) (Standard)
  • HY-N0893S
    Tetrahydrocurcumin-d6
    		Inducer
    Tetrahydrocurcumin-d6 is a deuterium labeled Tetrahydrocurcumin. Tetrahydrocurcumin is a Curcuminoid which displays inhibitory activity for CYP2C9 and CYP3A4[1].
    Tetrahydrocurcumin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0444S1
    Maprotiline-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.80%
    Maprotiline-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Maprotiline (hydrochloride).
    Maprotiline-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-14605S
    Rasagiline-13C3 mesylate
    		Inducer
    Rasagiline-13C3 ((R)-AGN1135-13C3; TVP1012-13C3) mesylate is the deuterium labeled Rasagiline (mesylate) (HY-14605). Rasagiline (R-AGN1135) mesylate is a highly potent selective irreversible mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor with IC50s of 4.43 nM and 412 nM for rat brain MAO B and A activity, respectively.
    Rasagiline-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub> mesylate
  • HY-162879
    FAK inhibitor 7
    		Inducer
    FAK inhibitor 7 is a type of FAK inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.58 nM. FAK inhibitor 7 can inhibit the downstream signaling cascades of FAK (like Src and AKT), causing ovarian cancer cells to stall in the G0/G1 phase and induce cytotoxic autophagy. FAK inhibitor 7 can also suppress tumor metastasis and growth in ovarian cancer mice.
    FAK inhibitor 7
  • HY-16562AS
    Irinotecan-d5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Irinotecan-d5 hydrochloride is deuterated labeled Irinotecan hydrochloride (HY-16562A). Irinotecan hydrochloride ((+)-Irinotecan hydrochloride) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor mainly used to treat colon cancer and rectal cancer.
    Irinotecan-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-125731R
    Glycodeoxycholic Acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Glycodeoxycholic Acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycodeoxycholic Acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycodeoxycholic Acid is a natural product found in Streptomyces nigricans, Trypanosoma brucei and C. elegans. Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces hepatocyte necrosis and autophagy in patients with obstructive cholestasis.
    Glycodeoxycholic Acid (Standard)
  • HY-A0077A
    Perphenazine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Perphenazine dihydrochloride is an orally active dopamine receptor and histamine-1 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 0.56 nM (D2), 0.43 nM (D3), 6 nM (5-HT2A), respectively. Perphenazine dihydrochloride also binds to Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. Perphenazine dihydrochloride inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Perphenazine dihydrochloride can be used in the research of mental disease, cancer, inflammation.
    Perphenazine dihydrochloride
  • HY-B1039AR
    Ambroxol (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ambroxol (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ambroxol (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ambroxol hydrochloride (NA-872 hydrochloride), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol hydrochloride is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol hydrochloride induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-N6602R
    α-Solanine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    α-Solanine (Standard) is the analytical standard of α-Solanine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. α-solanine, a bioactive component and one of the major steroidal glycoalkaloids in Solanum nigrum, has been observed to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
    α-Solanine (Standard)
  • HY-17506AR
    Azithromycin (hydrate) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Azithromycin (hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Azithromycin (hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Azithromycin hydrate is a macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
    Azithromycin (hydrate) (Standard)
  • HY-Y1269I
    Ammonium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
    		Inhibitor
    Ammonium chloride United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard (Salmiac, Pharmaceutical primary standard, USP) is a reagent that can be used in cell culture to provide a source of nitrogen. Ammonium chloride can be used as a heteropolar compound to regulate pH value, which can cause intracellular alkalination and metabolic acidosis, thus affecting the activity of enzymes and affecting the process of biological systems. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
  • HY-147656
    NAMPT degrader-1
    		Inducer
    NAMPT degrader-1 (Compound A3), an autophagosome-tethering compound (ATTEC), is an nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) degrader with an IC50 of 0.023 μM. NAMPT degrader-1 significantly induces the degradation of NAMPT through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and shows excellent cellular antitumor potency.
    NAMPT degrader-1
  • HY-15296S1
    Cabergoline-d6
    		Inducer
    Cabergoline-d6 is deuterium labeled Cabergoline. Cabergoline is an ergot derived-dopamine D2-like receptor agonist that has high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors (Ki=0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively).
    Cabergoline-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-172225
    [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2
    		Inducer
    [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2 (Compound 6A) is an anti-tumor agent. [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2 can inhibit the proliferation and migration of HepG2 liver cancer cells, and induce apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and ferroptosis of HepG2 liver cancer cells. [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2 exerts its anti-tumor activity by stimulating immune response to increase CD8+ T cells.
    [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2
  • HY-B0715R
    Pentoxifylline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pentoxifylline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pentoxifylline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pentoxifylline (BL-191), a haemorheological agent, is an orally active non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, with immune modulation, anti-inflammatory, hemorheological, anti-fibrinolytic and anti-proliferation effects. Pentoxifylline can be used for the research of peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and a number of other conditions involving a defective regional microcirculation.
    Pentoxifylline (Standard)
  • HY-B1625R
    Deferoxamine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Deferoxamine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Deferoxamine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Deferoxamine (Deferoxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.
    Deferoxamine (Standard)
  • HY-156405
    FTO-IN-10
    		Inducer
    FTO-IN-10 (compound 7) is a potent human demethylase FTO (the fat mass and obesity-associated protein) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.5 μM. FTO-IN-10 enters the FTO’s structural domain II binding pocket through hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. FTO-IN-10 induces DNA damage and autophagic cell death in A549 cells.
    FTO-IN-10
  • HY-17507BR
    Pantoprazole (sodium hydrate) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (sodium hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole (sodium hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate (BY10232 sodium hydrate) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium hydrate, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole (sodium hydrate) (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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