2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-118620R
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Nortriptyline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nortriptyline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects. N
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
  • HY-W584512
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO (t-Bu) is a ligand for E3 ubiquitin ligase PROTAC BET Degrader-1 (HY-103633).
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-B0239S2
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d6
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d6 is the deuterium labeled Chloramphenicol[1]. Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research[2][3][4].
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-130353R
    Desethylamiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Desethylamiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Desethylamiodarone (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (N-desethylamiodarone hydrochloride) is a major active metabolite of Amiodarone. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride is formed by CYP3A isoenzymes. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM.
    Desethylamiodarone (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-B1490S1
    Imipramine-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Imipramine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Imipramine (hydrochloride). Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects[1][2][3][4][5][6].
    Imipramine-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-B0117R
    Tigecycline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tigecycline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tigecycline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tigecycline (GAR-936) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. The mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline for E. coli (MG1655 strain) is approximately 125 ng/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 are 1 and 2 mg/L for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), respectively.
    Tigecycline (Standard)
  • HY-100189
    LS2265
    		Inducer
    LS2265 is a taurine derivative of fenofibrate and can induce proliferation of peroxisomes in liver cells of rats.
    LS2265
  • HY-161186
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-C-azetidine-C2-O-C-boc
  • HY-12643R
    Eprinomectin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Eprinomectin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eprinomectin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eprinomectin is a type of avermectin. Eprinomectin, as a broad-spectrum fungicide, has insecticidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activities. Eprinomectin induces apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer cells and has antitumor activity.
    Eprinomectin (Standard)
  • HY-B0495S6
    Lamotrigine-13C2,15N2,d3
    		Inducer
    Lamotrigine-13C2,15N2,d3 is 15N and deuterated labeled Lamotrigine (HY-B0495). Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N1430R
    Oxyresveratrol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Oxyresveratrol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxyresveratrol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 μM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects.
    Oxyresveratrol (Standard)
  • HY-163227
    (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc
    		Inducer
    (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (1R,4R)-Thalidomide-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(1R,4r)-cyclohexane-NH-Boc
  • HY-149343
    Anticancer agent 132
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 132 (compound Rh1) is an inducer of apoptosis and autophagy with antitumor and antimetastasis activity. Anticancer agent 132 arrests cell cycle and inhibits cell proliferation.
    Anticancer agent 132
  • HY-N0141R
    Parthenolide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Parthenolide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Parthenolide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the medicinal herb Feverfew. Parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation; also inhibits HDAC1 protein without affecting other class I/II HDACs.
    Parthenolide (Standard)
  • HY-138846
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C8-NH2
  • HY-13511S
    Rupatadine-d6 D-tartrate
    		Inducer
    Rupatadine-d6 (D-tartrate) is deuterated labeled Rupatadine (HY-13511). Rupatadine (UR-12592) is a potent, orally active and long-lasting dual PAF/H1 antagonist, with Kis of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively. Rupatadine can be used for the research of allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
    Rupatadine-d6 D-tartrate
  • HY-N3486
    Isodunnianol
    		Inducer
    Isodunnianol is a autophagy inducer. Isodunnianol induces autophagy.html" class="link-product" target="_blank">autophagy and increases he expression of pAMPK172, pULK1555,decreases teh expression of pULK1757, SQSTM2. Isodunnianol decreases Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cardiotoxicity.
    Isodunnianol
  • HY-138853A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-103438
    BIBU1361
    		Inhibitor
    BIBU1361 induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy. BIBU1361 inhibits pro-survival pathways Akt/mTOR and gp130/JAK/STAT3, and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
    BIBU1361
  • HY-161187
    Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-1,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane-boc
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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