2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-16561G
    Resveratrol (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
    Resveratrol (GMP)
  • HY-14266S1
    Dapivirine-d4
    		Inducer
    Dapivirine-d4 (TMC120-d4) is deuterium labeled Dapivirine. Dapivirine (TMC120), the prototype of diarylpyrimidines (DAPY), is an orally active and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Dapivirine (TMC120) binds directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Dapivirine (TMC120) regulates autophagy and induced Akt, Bad and SAPK/JNK activations.
    Dapivirine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0462R
    Corilagin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Corilagin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Corilagin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Corilagin, a gallotannin, has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Corilagin inhibits activity of reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. Corilagin also inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 25 μg/mL. Corilagin shows anti-tumor activity on hepatocellular carcinoma and ovarian cancer model. Corilagin shows low toxicity to normal cells and tissues.
    Corilagin (Standard)
  • HY-N0538S4
    Xylitol-d7
    Xylitol-d7 is the deuterium labeled Xylit[1][2].
    Xylitol-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-N0382R
    Galangin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Galangin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Galangin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
    Galangin (Standard)
  • HY-106146
    Paclitaxel ceribate
    		Inducer
    Paclitaxel ceribate is the ester form of paclitaxel, a natural antineoplastic agent that stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel causes mitotic arrest and induces apoptosis, ultimately leading to cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.
    Paclitaxel ceribate
  • HY-138854
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
  • HY-14664B
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin
    		Inducer
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin is the 3R,5S-isomer Fluvastatin. Fluvastatin (XU 62-320 free acid) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin
  • HY-B0172R
    Lithocholic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lithocholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lithocholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lithocholic acid is a toxic secondary bile acid that can promote intrahepatic cholestasis and promote tumorigenesis. Lithocholic acid is also a FXR antagonist and a PXR/SXR agonist.
    Lithocholic acid (Standard)
  • HY-143656
    SH379
    SH379 is the derivative of 2-methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene. SH379 is a potent and orally active anti-late-onset hypogonadism agent. SH379 significantly promotes the expression of the key testosterone synthesis-related enzymes StAR and 3β-HSD. SH379 stimulates autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
    SH379
  • HY-158436
    Antitumor agent-155
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-155 (Compound 13) inhibits microtubule polymerization, induces autophagy and apoptosis. Antitumor agent-155 shows cytotoxicity against HCT116, A549, AGS, SK-MES-1 cells with IC50s of 0.227, 0.253, 0.574, 0.423 μM respectively.
    Antitumor agent-155
  • HY-144449
    mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1
    		Inducer
    mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1 is a potent mTOR and HDAC6 dual inhibitor (IC50s of 133.7 nM and 56 nM for mTOR and HDAC6, respectively). mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1 can induce significant autophagy, apoptosis and suppress migration. mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1 has potential to research Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    mTOR/HDAC6-IN-1
  • HY-N0088S
    Apocynin-d3
    Apocynin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Apocynin[1]. Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 μM[2][3][4].
    Apocynin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-W740884
    Rutin-d3
    		Inducer
    Rutin-d3 is a deuterated labeled Rutin-d3.
    Rutin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-12177S
    Aliskiren-d6 hemifumarate
    		Inducer
    Aliskiren-d6 (hemifumarate) is a deuterium labeled Aliskiren hemifumarate. Aliskiren hemifumarate is a direct and orally active renin inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.5 nM[1][2].
    Aliskiren-d<sub>6</sub> hemifumarate
  • HY-17507AR
    Pantoprazole (sodium) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole sodium (BY10232 sodium) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole (sodium) (Standard)
  • HY-161206
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc
  • HY-B0102D
    Fluoxetine oxalate
    		Inducer
    Fluoxetine oxalate is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class used for antidepressant research.
    Fluoxetine oxalate
  • HY-B0144S
    Pitavastatin-d4 hemicalcium
    		Inducer
    Pitavastatin-d4 (hemicalcium) is deuterium labeled Pitavastatin (Calcium). Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin Calcium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Anti-cancer activity[1][2][3].
    Pitavastatin-d<sub>4</sub> hemicalcium
  • HY-161744
    PBA-1106
    		Inducer
    PBA-1106 is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) that induces p62 self-oligomerization. PBA-1106 increases the autophagic flux of Ub-conjugated aggregates.
    PBA-1106
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.