2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0706R
    Gracillin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Gracillin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gracillin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gracillin is a steroidal saponin that can be extracted from the roots of the plant and has anti-tumor properties. Gracillin can induce cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy.
    Gracillin (Standard)
  • HY-161202
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-piperidine-C2-OH
  • HY-176064
    HDAC6-IN-58
    		Inducer
    HDAC6-IN-58 (compound 24c) is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 values of 9.5 nM and 7374.5 nM for HDAC6 and HDAC1, respectively. HDAC6-IN-58 increases tubulin acetylation, exerts antiproliferative effects, and induces autophagy.
    HDAC6-IN-58
  • HY-112509
    STL427944
    		Inhibitor
    STL427944 is a potent and selective FOXM1 inhibitor. STL427944 has the potential for the research of overcoming tumor chemoresistance and improving the efficacy of treatment with conventional cancer drug.
    STL427944
  • HY-161257
    CDC20-IN-1
    		Inducer
    CDC20-IN-1 (Compound E1) is a specific inhibitor of CDC20 and can be used in triple-negative breast cancer research. CDC20-IN-1 can induce autophagy in cancer cells and inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, with an IC50 value of 1.43 μM.
    CDC20-IN-1
  • HY-W584516
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a t-Bu modified Thalidomide (HY-14658), which acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein. The t-Bu protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-5-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-15122R
    Sinomenine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sinomenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sinomenine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sinomenine, an alkaloid extracted from?Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine (Standard)
  • HY-N0072R
    Brazilin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Brazilin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Brazilin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Brazilin (Standard)
  • HY-17386S
    Rosiglitazone-d3
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is a selective, orally active PPARγ agonist with EC50s of 30 nM, 100 nM and 60 nM for PPARγ1, PPARγ2, and PPARγ, respectively. Rosiglitazone binds to PPARγ with a Kd of approximately 40 nM. Rosiglitazone is also an activator of TRPC5 (EC50=~30 μM) and an inhibitor of TRPM3[1][2][3][4].
    Rosiglitazone-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-12705AR
    Bromocriptine (mesylate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bromocriptine (mesylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bromocriptine (mesylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bromocriptine mesylate is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, which binds D2 dopamine receptor with pKi of 8.05±0.2.
    Bromocriptine (mesylate) (Standard)
  • HY-B0228S12
    Adenosine-d13
    		Inducer
    Adenosine-d13 (Adenine riboside-d13; D-Adenosine-d13) is deuterium labeled Adenosine (HY-B0228). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine-d<sub>13</sub>
  • HY-10201S2
    Sorafenib-13C,d3
    		Inducer 98.35%
    Sorafenib-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Sorafenib. Sorafenib (Bay 43-9006) is a potent and orally active Raf inhibitor with IC50s of 6 nM and 20 nM for Raf-1 and B-Raf, respectively. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor with IC50s of 90 nM, 15 nM, 20 nM, 57 nM and 58 nM for VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRβ, FLT3 and c-Kit, respectively. Sorafenib induces autophagy and apoptosis. Sorafenib has anti-tumor activity. Sorafenib is a ferroptosis activator[1].
    Sorafenib-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-159605
    Autophagy inducer 5
    		Inducer
    Autophagy inducer 5 (compound 21o) is a potent MCF-7 inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM), and a potential breast cancer inhibitor. Autophagy inducer 5 induces cellular autophagy by activating the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which increases ROS generation and JNK phosphorylation, exerting cytotoxic effects.
    Autophagy inducer 5
  • HY-13630R
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Etoposide phosphate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-N0741AR
    Leonurine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Leonurine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Leonurine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Leonurine hydrochloride is an alkaloid isolated from Leonurus artemisia, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory.
    Leonurine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-17408R
    Mevastatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Mevastatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mevastatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mevastatin (Compactin) is a first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that belongs to the statins class. Mevastatin is a lipid-lowering agent, and induces apoptosis, arrests cancer cells in G0/G1 phase. Mevastatin also increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels. Mevastatin has antitumor activity and has the potential for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
    Mevastatin (Standard)
  • HY-W584523
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
  • HY-18085S
    Quercetin-d5
    		Inducer
    Quercetin-d5 is a deuterium labeled Quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively[1].
    Quercetin-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-146390
    Antiproliferative agent-5
    		Activator
    Antiproliferative agent-5 (compound 4o) can significantly and irreversibly inhibit proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Antiproliferative agent-5 causes the G2/M phase arrest, and induces ROS accumulation and activation of autophagy. Antiproliferative agent-5 can be used for researching anticancer.
    Antiproliferative agent-5
  • HY-10201S1
    Sorafenib-d4
    		Inducer
    Sorafenib-d4 is the deuterium labeled Sorafenib. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor IC50s of 6 nM, 20 nM, and 22 nM for Raf-1, B-Raf, and VEGFR-3, respectively.
    Sorafenib-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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