2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-75839R
    Dronedarone (Hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dronedarone (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dronedarone (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dronedarone Hydrochloride is a non-iodinated amiodarone derivative that inhibits Na+, K+ and Ca2+ currents.
    Dronedarone (Hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-N0733S4
    Glucosamine-15N hydrochloride
    Glucosamine-15N (hydrochloride) is the 15N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a
    Glucosamine-<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-169155
    OsMo
    		Modulator
    OsMo is a lysosome-targeting hNEU1 inhibitor that can be used in the study of myocardial injury.
    OsMo
  • HY-13065R
    Isobavachalcone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isobavachalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isobavachalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity.
    Isobavachalcone (Standard)
  • HY-B0116S
    Stavudine-d4
    		Inducer
    Stavudine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Stavudine. Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis[1][2][3][4].
    Stavudine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-18629A
    (E/Z)-SU9516
    		Inducer
    (E/Z)-SU9516 is the isomer of SU9516 (HY-18629). SU9516 is a potent CDK2 inhibitor，with an IC50 of 22 nM，and also shows inhibitory effects on CDK1 and CDK4，with IC50s of 40，200 nM，respectively.
    (E/Z)-SU9516
  • HY-15758R
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane is a strong, pure androgen receptor (AR) antagonist.
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane (Standard)
  • HY-P0175A
    740 Y-P TFA
    		Inducer
    740 Y-P TFA is a potent and cell-permeable PI3K activator. 740 Y-P TFA readily binds GST fusion proteins containing both the N- and C- terminal SH2 domains of p85 but fails to bind GST alone.
    740 Y-P TFA
  • HY-B2031S1
    Pyriproxyfen-d4
    Pyriproxyfen-d4 is the deuterium labeled Pyriproxyfen[1].
    Pyriproxyfen-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-138852
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C6-NH2
  • HY-N0168AR
    (Rac)-Hesperetin (Standard)
    (Rac)-Hesperetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of (Rac)-Hesperetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin. Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation.
    (Rac)-Hesperetin (Standard)
  • HY-10261AR
    Afatinib (dimaleate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Afatinib (dimaleate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Afatinib (dimaleate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Afatinib (BIBW 2992) dimaleate is an orally active, potent and irreversible dual specificity inhibitor of ErbB family (EGFR and HER2), with IC50 values of 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 10 nM and 14 nM for EGFRwt, EGFRL858R, EGFRL858R/T790M and HER2, respectively. Afatinib dimaleate can be used for the research of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and gastric cancer.
    Afatinib (dimaleate) (Standard)
  • HY-139545
    Thalidomide-4-C3-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-C3-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-C3-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-4-C3-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-10211R
    Tanespimycin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tanespimycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tanespimycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tanespimycin (17-AAG) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM, having a 100-fold higher binding affinity for tumour cell derived HSP90 than normal cell derived HSP90[1][5]. Tanespimycin depletes cellular STK38/NDR1 and reduces STK38 kinase activity. Tanespimycin also downregulates the stk38 gene expression[3].
    Tanespimycin (Standard)
  • HY-10291R
    Tarenflurbil (Standard)
    Tarenflurbil (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tarenflurbil. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tarenflurbil ((R)-Flurbiprofen) is the R-enantiomer of the racemate NSAID Flurbiprofen, Tarenflurbil ((R)-Flurbiprofen) inhibits the binding of [3H]9-cis-RA to RXRα LBD with IC50 of 75 μM. Tarenflurbil can be used for Alzheimer's disease research.
    Tarenflurbil (Standard)
  • HY-N0399R
    Wogonoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Wogonoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Wogonoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway.
    Wogonoside (Standard)
  • HY-B0260S2
    Methylprednisolone-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Methylprednisolone-d4 is deuterium labeled Methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels[3].
    Methylprednisolone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-15122AR
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sinomenine hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sinomenine hydrochloride (Cucoline hydrochloride), an alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-13067R
    Celastrol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Celastrol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Celastrol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Celastrol (Tripterine;Tripterin) is a proteasome inhibitor which potently and preferentially inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of a purified 20S proteasome with IC50 of 2.5 μM.
    Celastrol (Standard)
  • HY-N0144R
    Piperine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Piperine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Piperine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Piperine is an alkaloid, can be isolated from pepper. Piperine can inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Piperine inhibits HeLa cells with an IC50 of 61.94±0.054 μg/mL.
    Piperine (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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