2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0656AR
    (+)-Usnic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (+)-Usnic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of (+)-Usnic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (+)-Usnic acid is isolated from isolated from lichens, binds at the ATP-binding pocket of mTOR, and inhibits mTORC1/2 activity. (+)-Usnic acid inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR downstream effectors: Akt (Ser473), 4EBP1, S6K, induces autophay, with anti-cancer activity. (+)-Usnic acid possesses antimicrobial activity against a number of planktonic gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium.
    (+)-Usnic acid (Standard)
  • HY-16562AR
    Irinotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Irinotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Irinotecan (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Irinotecan hydrochloride ((+)-Irinotecan hydrochloride) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor mainly used to treat colon cancer and rectal cancer.
    Irinotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-138851
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2
  • HY-B0246S2
    Carbamazepine-d8
    		Inducer
    Carbamazepine-d8 is the deuterium labeled Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine, a sodium channel blocker, is an anticonvulsant agent, with an IC50 of 131 μM.
    Carbamazepine-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-17577R
    Berberine chloride hydrate (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Berberine (chloride hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (chloride hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine chloride hydrate (Natural Yellow 18 chloride hydrate) is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride hydrate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties[1].
    Berberine chloride hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-W584514
    Thalidomide-NH-(CH2)2-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-(CH2)2-NH2 TFA is an alkyl-modified Thalidomide (HY-14658) that acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN proteins. Thalidomide-NH-(CH2)2-NH2 TFA is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules designed to synthesize small PROTAC molecules targeting SHP2 protein.
    Thalidomide-NH-(CH2)2-NH2 TFA
  • HY-N12124
    Monascuspiloin
    		Inducer
    Monascuspiloin (Monascinol) exhibits anti-androgenic activity with an IC50 of 7 μM. Monascuspiloin inhibits viability of PC-3 and LNCaP with IC50 of 45 and 47 μM. Monascuspiloin induces apoptosis in LNCaP through inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, induces autophagy through activation AMPK signaling pathway and arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase in PC-3. Monascuspiloin exhibits antitumor efficacy in mice.
    Monascuspiloin
  • HY-Y1362R
    Ethyl pyruvate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ethyl pyruvate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ethyl pyruvate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ethyl pyruvate is a simple derivative of the endogenous metabolite pyruvate. Ethyl pyruvate is an HMGB1 release inhibitor. Ethyl pyruvate can induce apoptosis by autophagy. Ethyl pyruvate has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activity. Ethyl pyruvate can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
    Ethyl pyruvate (Standard)
  • HY-17386S2
    Rosiglitazone-d4-1
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone-d4-1 (BRL 49653-d4-1) is deuterium-labeled Rosiglitazone (HY-17386).
    Rosiglitazone-d<sub>4</sub>-1
  • HY-101200R
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Linsidomine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linsidomine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linsidomine hydrochloride (SIN-1 chloride) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. Linsidomine hydrochloride is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. Linsidomine hydrochloride induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Linsidomine hydrochloride inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of Linsidomine hydrochloride shows protective effects on Zn2+ treated nerve cells.
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-120066
    Seriniquinone
    		Inducer
    Seriniquinone, a selective anti-melanoma agent that targets Dermcidin, induces cell death by autophagocytosis. Seriniquinone is a metabolite produced by a rare marine bacterium of the genus Serinicoccus.
    Seriniquinone
  • HY-N0289R
    Lycorine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lycorine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lycorine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lycorine hydrochloride is the main active ingredient of the herbal medicine derived from Lycoris radiata (L’Her.) Herb. and is also a melanoma vasculogenic inhibitor and has anti-tumor activity. Lycorine hydrochloride effectively inhibits mitotic proliferation of Hey1B cells (IC50 of 1.2 μM).
    Lycorine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0269R
    Echinatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Echinatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Echinatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Echinatin is a chalcone isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Gancao with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Echinatin can be quickly absorbed and eliminated and extensively distributed with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 6.81% in Rat.
    Echinatin (Standard)
  • HY-50856S2
    Ruxolitinib-d9
    		Inducer
    Ruxolitinib-d9 (INCB18424-d9) is deuterium labeled Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib (INCB18424) is an orally active and selective JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.3 nM and 2.8 nM in cell-free assays, and has 130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 over JAK3. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy.
    Ruxolitinib-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-161816
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3
    		Inducer
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3 (compound 8C) can induce autophagy and apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PI3K/AKT-IN-3 can be used in cancer research.
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3
  • HY-B1203AS
    Fludrocortisone acetate-d5
    		Inducer
    Fludrocortisone acetate-d5 is deuterium labeled Fludrocortisone acetate.
    Fludrocortisone acetate-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N8290R
    Lactupicrin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lactupicrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lactupicrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lactupicrin (Lactucopicrin) exhibits analgesic, sedative, antimalarial activities and atheroprotective effect. Lactupicrin inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 150.3 μM. Lactupicrin is an orally active characteristic bitter sesquiterpene lactone.
    Lactupicrin (Standard)
  • HY-18293
    NSC 33994
    		Inducer
    NSC 33994 (G6) is a selective JAK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 60 nM.
    NSC 33994
  • HY-141649
    Anticancer agent 251
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 251 (compound 7j) can induce cell death of bladder cancer cell T24 by inducing apoptosis, autophagy or ferroptosis.
    Anticancer agent 251
  • HY-N0280R
    Corosolic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Corosolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Corosolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Corosolic acid (Colosolic acid) isolated from the fruit of Cratoegus pinnatifida var. psilosa, was reported to have anticancer activity. Corosolic acid induces cancer cell apoptosis.
    Corosolic acid (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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