2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0235R
    Bakuchiol (Standard)
    Bakuchiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bakuchiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bakuchiol is a phytoestrogen that can be obtained from psoralen seeds. Bakuchiol has been proven to be a non-competitive inhibitor of multiple enzymes, including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) and human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) , with IC50s values of 40.9 μM and 7.28 μM, respectively. Bakuchiol exhibits significant research and application potential in areas such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor therapies, as well as drug metabolism regulation.
    Bakuchiol (Standard)
  • HY-N0153R
    Naringin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin also inhibits proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1).
    Naringin (Standard)
  • HY-N6687B
    Calcimycin hemimagnesium
    		Modulator
    Calcimycin (A-23187) hemimagnesium is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin hemimagnesium induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin hemimagnesium inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin hemimagnesium also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin hemimagnesium induces apoptosis.
    Calcimycin hemimagnesium
  • HY-N0305S
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-15N hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-15N (hydrochloride) is the 15N-labeled 5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride). 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA hydrochloride) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-P10853
    Bacilotetrin C analogue
    		Inducer
    Bacilotetrin C analogue is cytotoxic to triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with an IC50 of 0.48 μM. Bacilotetrin C analogue can induce tumor cell autophagy and has anti-tumor activity.
    Bacilotetrin C analogue
  • HY-122404
    Xantocillin
    		Inducer
    Xantocillin (Xanthocillin X) is a marine agent extracted from Penicillium commune, induces autophagy through inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway.
    Xantocillin
  • HY-W454906
    tDHU, acid
    		Inducer 98.83%
    tDHU, acid is a dihydropyrimidinecereblon ligand that contains an E3 ligase ligand and a benzoic acid linker. tDHU, acid can be used as an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand-Linker conjugate for the development of PROTACs.
    tDHU, acid
  • HY-100490BR
    Rilmenidine phosphate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rilmenidine (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rilmenidine (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rilmenidine phosphate, an innovative antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine phosphate is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine phosphate induces autophagy. Rilmenidine phosphate acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine phosphate modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells .
    Rilmenidine phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-136059
    Desfluoro-ezetimibe
    		Activator
    Desfluoro-ezetimibe is a desfluoro impurity of Ezetimibe. Ezetimibe is a potent, metabolically stable cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.
    Desfluoro-ezetimibe
  • HY-N0538S
    Xylitol-1-13C
    Xylitol-1-13C is the 13C labeled Xylit[1][2].
    Xylitol-1-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-N2365R
    Macamide B (Standard)
    Macamide B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Macamide B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Macamide B (N-Benzylhexadecanamide; Macamide 1) is a macamide isolated from Lepidium meyenii, acts as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
    Macamide B (Standard)
  • HY-B0532S
    Trifluoperazine-d8
    		Inhibitor
    Trifluoperazine-d8 is a deuterium labeled Trifluoperazine. Trifluoperazine is an antipsychotic phenothiazine agent and a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trifluoperazine is also a potent dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor [1][2].
    Trifluoperazine-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-N0213R
    Peiminine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Peiminine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Peiminine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Peiminine is a compound that can be isolated from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae family). Peiminine can induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Peiminine has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, cardioprotective and other activities in many animal models.
    Peiminine (Standard)
  • HY-N6972R
    Cepharanthine (Standard)
    Cepharanthine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cepharanthine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cepharanthine is a natural product that can be isolated from the plant Stephania?cephalantha?Hayata. Cepharanthine has anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) activities. Cepharanthine has good effective in suppressing viral proliferation (half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC50) and 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) values of 1.90 and 4.46?μM. Cepharanthine can also effectively reverses P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in K562 cells and increase enhances the sensitivity of anticancer agents in xenograft mice model. Cepharanthine shows inhibitory effects of human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9. Cepharanthine has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects.
    Cepharanthine (Standard)
  • HY-B0260S
    Methylprednisolone-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Methylprednisolone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels[3].
    Methylprednisolone-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10572B
    (Rac)-Efavirenz
    		Inducer
    (Rac)-Efavirenz is the isomer of Efavirenz (HY-10572). Efavirenz (DMP 266) is a potent inhibitor of the wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with a Ki of 2.93 nM and exhibits an IC95 of 1.5 nM for the inhibition of HIV-1 replicative spread in cell culture.
    (Rac)-Efavirenz
  • HY-131874
    Thalidomide-O-C7-acid
    		Inducer 98.55%
    Thalidomide-O-C7-acid is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-C7-acid
  • HY-114293A
    Acetyl coenzyme A trilithium
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trilithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trilithium regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trilithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A trilithium
  • HY-158329
    Alloc-DOX
    		Inducer
    Alloc-DOX (N-Alloc doxorubicin) is a Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) prodrug. The combination of a catalyst (such as nano-palladium) and alloc-DOX leads to a decrease in cell viability and tumour growth.
    Alloc-DOX
  • HY-130950
    Thalidomide-O-C4-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-C4-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-C4-COOH
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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