2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15449R
    Kaempferide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Kaempferide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Kaempferide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.
    Kaempferide (Standard)
  • HY-B0233S1
    Isradipine-d6
    Isradipine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Isradipine[1]. Isradipine (PN 200-110) is an orally active L-type calcium channel blocker. Isradipine, as a powerful peripheral vasodilator, is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with selective actions on the heart as well as the peripheral circulation. Isradipine is a potentially viable neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease[2][3][4].
    Isradipine-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0444A
    Maprotiline
    		Inducer
    Maprotiline is a highly selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that has strong antidepressant, antitumor and neuropathic pain-relieving effects. Maprotiline induces cancer cell apoptosis by targeting the ERK signaling pathway and CRABP1.
    Maprotiline
  • HY-B0193AR
    Prazosin hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Prazosin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Prazosin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Prazosin hydrochloride is a well-tolerated, CNS-active α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist for the research of high blood pressure and alcohol use disorders. Prazosin hydrochloride potently inhibits Norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated 45Ca efflux with an IC50 of 0.15 nM.Prazosin hydrochloride inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-3 with IC50s of 1.8, and 13 μM, respectively.
    Prazosin hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0178AR
    Guanidine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    Guanidine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Guanidine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Guanidine hydrochloride (Guanidinium chloride) a strong chaotrope, is also a strong denaturant of proteins.
    Guanidine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-B1125R
    Glucosamine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isomogroside V (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isomogroside V. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isomogroside V is a sweetener, which extracted from Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle).
    Glucosamine (Standard)
  • HY-N6074R
    Soyasapogenol B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Soyasapogenol B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Soyasapogenol B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Soyasapogenol B is a component of soy that has oral activity. Soyasapogenol B promotes autophagy and apoptosis. Soyasapogenol B has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities.
    Soyasapogenol B (Standard)
  • HY-126849
    3-Morpholinosydnonimine
    		Inducer
    3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. 3-Morpholinosydnonimine is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. 3-Morpholinosydnonimine induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. 3-Morpholinosydnonimine inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of 3-Morpholinosydnonimine shows protective effects on Zn2+ treated nerve cells.
    3-Morpholinosydnonimine
  • HY-161188
    Thalidomide-O-C4H4-N(Me)-piperidine-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-C4H4-N(Me)-piperidine-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-O-C4H4-N(Me)-piperidine-C2-OH can serve as Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-O-C4H4-N(Me)-piperidine-C2-OH
  • HY-B2031S
    Pyriproxyfen-d6
    Pyriproxyfen-d6 is the deuterium labeled Pyriproxyfen[1].
    Pyriproxyfen-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-136204
    Resveratrol analog 2
    		Activator
    Resveratrol analog 2 is an analog of Resveratrol (HY-16561). Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties.
    Resveratrol analog 2
  • HY-10261R
    Afatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Afatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Afatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Afatinib (BIBW 2992) is an orally active, potent and irreversible dual specificity inhibitor of ErbB family (EGFR and HER2), with IC50 values of 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 10 nM and 14 nM for EGFRwt, EGFRL858R, EGFRL858R/T790M and HER2, respectively. Afatinib can be used for the research of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and gastric cancer.
    Afatinib (Standard)
  • HY-P10914
    D-CopA3
    		Inducer
    D-CopA3 is the inhibitor for MDM2 and the activator for p53 signaling pathway. D-CopA3 exhibits cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells HCT-116, LoVo, and RKO (IC50=15-18 μM), induces JNK/Beclin-1 mediated autophagy. D-CopA3 downregulates the expression of cell cycle inhibitory protein p21Cip1/Waf1, enhances the mucosal barrier function and reduces penetration of inflammatory mediators. D-CopA3 exhibits anti-inflammtory activity in mouse C. difficile toxin A-induced acute enteritis models and DSS (HY-116282)-induced chronic colitis models. D-CopA3 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse HCT-116 xenograft models.
    D-CopA3
  • HY-N10417
    Apoptosis inducer 5
    		Inducer
    Apoptosis inducer 5 (compound 1b) is a lignan enantiomer that can be found in Crataegus pinnatifida. Apoptosis inducer 5 exhibits cytotoxic effect via apoptosis and autophagy in Hep3B cells.
    Apoptosis inducer 5
  • HY-163237
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidineethanol
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidineethanol is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidineethanol can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidineethanol
  • HY-172175
    HYS-072
    		Inducer
    HYS-072 is an orally active derivative of chrysin (HY-14589) with antitumor activity. HYS-072 induces apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and suppresses tumor growth in vivo in xenograft models by modulating autophagy-related pathways. HYS-072 can be used in the research of triple-negative breast cancer.
    HYS-072
  • HY-14266A
    Dapivirine hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Dapivirine hydrochloride is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antitumor activity. Dapivirine hydrochloride attenuates the proliferation of glioblastoma cells and induces apoptosis. Dapivirine hydrochloride modulates autophagy and activates Akt, Bad, and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways. Dapivirine hydrochloride has shown inhibitory effects on glioma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Dapivirine hydrochloride is also a promising drug candidate for topical microbial agents for the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1.
    Dapivirine hydrochloride
  • HY-149344
    Anticancer agent 133
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 133 (compound Rh2) is an anti-cancer agent with cytotoxic and antimetastatic activities. Anticancer agent 133 induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Anticancer agent 133 also inhibits cell metastasis via suppression of EGFR expression mediated by FAK-regulated integrin β1.
    Anticancer agent 133
  • HY-N6746S1
    Citrinin-13C13
    		Inducer
    Citrinin-13C13 (NSC 186-13C13) is the 13C labeled Citrinin (HY-N6746). Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity.
    Citrinin-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>13
  • HY-N0039R
    Ginsenoside Rb1 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginsenoside Rb1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rb1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .
    Ginsenoside Rb1 (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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