2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17583S
    Griseofulvin-d3
    		Inducer
    Griseofulvin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Griseofulvin. Griseofulvin (Gris-PEG) is a spirocyclic fungal natural product used in treatment of fungal dermatophytes; Antifungal agent[1][2].
    Griseofulvin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-168427
    Avitinib maleate dihydrate
    		Inducer
    Avitinib (Abivertinib) maleate dihydrate is a third-generation, irreversible and orally active selective EGFR inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.18 nM, 0.18 nM, 7.68 nM and against EGFR L858R, EGFR T790M and wild-type EGFR. Avitinib maleate dihydrate is also a BTK inhibitor that induces apoptosis and inhibits phosphorylation of BTK in mantle cell lymphoma. Avitinib maleate dihydrate shows anticancer effects.
    Avitinib maleate dihydrate
  • HY-150765
    PARP1-IN-12
    		Inducer
    PARP1-IN-12 is a potent PARP1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.99 nM. PARP1-IN-12 exhibits antiproliferative activity, can induce cell apoptosis and cause cycle arrest at G2/M phase. PARP1-IN-12 also can induce DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in BRCA-deficient cells.
    PARP1-IN-12
  • HY-B1336S
    Furazolidone-d4
    		Inducer
    Furazolidone-d4 is deuterium labeled Furazolidone.
    Furazolidone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0045R
    Ginsenoside Rg1 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginsenoside Rg1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rg1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.
    Ginsenoside Rg1 (Standard)
  • HY-150526
    EGCG-4″-sulfate
    		Inducer
    EGCG-4″-sulfate is a major polyphenol in green tea, which can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate sulfate inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) activity. EGCG-4″-sulfate has a potent anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against various types of cancers such as colorectal cancer, myeloid leukemia, thyroid carcinoma.
    EGCG-4″-sulfate
  • HY-163356
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-60
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-60 (BF3) is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor with anticancer activity. Tubulin polymerization-IN-60 (BF3) belongs to the colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs) and disturbs cell cycle progression leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-60
  • HY-168850
    MTDH-SND1 blocker 2
    		Inducer
    MTDH-SND1 blocker 2 (compound C19) is a potent MTDH-SND1 blocker with an IC50 value of 487 nM. MTDH-SND1 blocker 2 binds to the SND1 protein with a Kd value of 279 nM. MTDH-SND1 blocker 2 degrades SND1 protein. MTDH-SND1 blocker 2 shows antiproliferative activity and induces apoptosis. MTDH-SND1 blocker 2 has the potential for the research of breast cancer.
    MTDH-SND1 blocker 2
  • HY-146718
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-9
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-9 is a potent tubulin inhibitor with IC50 of 1.82 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-9 causes cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and induces cell apoptosis and depolarized mitochondria of K562 cells. Tubulin polymerization-IN-9 has potent anti-vascular and antitumor activities.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-9
  • HY-116504
    WB-308
    		Inducer
    WB-308 is a novel small molecule that was identified as an inhibitor of EGFR by an in vitro EGFR kinase activity system. WB-308 was able to reduce the proliferation and clonogenicity of NSCLC cells, causing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. In addition, WB-308 inhibited tumor growth in two in vivo animal models (lung orthotopic transplantation model and patient-derived clonal mouse model). WB-308 impaired the phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT, and ERK1/2 proteins. Compared with Gefitinib, WB-308 had lower cytotoxicity. This study showed that WB-308 is a new EGFR-TKI that may be considered as an alternative to Gefitinib in the clinical treatment of NSCLC.
    WB-308
  • HY-172225
    [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2
    		Inducer
    [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2 (Compound 6A) is an anti-tumor agent. [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2 can inhibit the proliferation and migration of HepG2 liver cancer cells, and induce apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and ferroptosis of HepG2 liver cancer cells. [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2 exerts its anti-tumor activity by stimulating immune response to increase CD8+ T cells.
    [Ru(phen)2(HMPIP)](PF6)2
  • HY-161146
    EGFR-IN-100
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-100 (compound 3f) is a EGFR inhibitor with IC50 range of 0.137-0.507 μM. EGFR-IN-100 has antiproliferative activity and induces the apoptosis pathway. EGFR-IN-100 arrests the MCF-7 cell cycle at the S phase.
    EGFR-IN-100
  • HY-B1625R
    Deferoxamine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Deferoxamine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Deferoxamine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Deferoxamine (Deferoxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.
    Deferoxamine (Standard)
  • HY-P1077
    CALP1
    		Inhibitor 98.44%
    CALP1 is a calmodulin (CaM) agonist (Kd of 88 µM) with binding to the CaM EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site. CALP1 blocks calcium influx and apoptosis (IC50 of 44.78 µM) through inhibition of calcium channel opening. CALP1 blocks glutamate receptor channels and blocks a store-operated nonselective cation channel. CALP1 activates CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase activity.
    CALP1
  • HY-D0162R
    Malachite green (hemioxalate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Malachite green hemioxalate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Malachite green hemioxalate (HY-D0162). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Malachite green hemioxalate is a triphenylmethane dye which can be used to detect the release of phosphate in enzymatic reactions. Malachite green hemioxalate has antimicrobial activity, which is attributed to inhibition of intracellular enzymes, intercalation into DNA, and/or interaction with cellular membranes. Malachite green hemioxalate is also a potent and selective inhibitor of IKBKE, and inhibits its downstream targets such as IκBα, p65 and IRF3. Malachite green hemioxalate exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.
    Malachite green (hemioxalate) (Standard)
  • HY-120035
    DD1
    		Inducer 99.40%
    DD1, a proteasome inhibitor, targets Bax activation and P70S6K degradation during acute myeloid leukemia (AML) apoptosis. DD1 induces apoptosis in the caspase-dependent manner. DD1 induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and Bad dephosphorylation.
    DD1
  • HY-151569
    SAHA-OH
    		Inhibitor
    SAHA-OH is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor (IC50=23 nM), shows a 10- to 47-fold selectivity for HDAC6 compared to HDAC 1, 2, 3, and 8. SAHA-OH shows anti-inflammatory activity, and attenuates macrophage apoptosis.
    SAHA-OH
  • HY-76299S1
    Galanthamine-O-methyl-d3
    		Inducer
    Galanthamine-O-methyl-d3 is the deuterium labeled Galanthamine. Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM.
    Galanthamine-O-methyl-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-159510
    VEGFR-2-IN-51
    VEGFR-2-IN-51 (compound 19) is an orally active dual-target inhibitor of VEGFR-2 (IC50=15.33 μM) and tubulin (IC50=0.76 μM) with anti-tumor activity. VEGFR-2-IN-51 induces tumor cell apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. VEGFR-2-IN-51 exerts anti-angiogenic effects by blocking the VEGFR-2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, VEGFR-2-IN-51 has significant anti-proliferative activity against the gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 (IC50=0.005 μM).
    VEGFR-2-IN-51
  • HY-108520
    HX630
    		Inducer
    HX630 is a potent retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) agonist, can induce apoptosis, has anti-tumor effect, and can be used in Cushing's disease research.
    HX630
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity