2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12047R
    Ponatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ponatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ponatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ponatinib (AP24534) is an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.37 nM, 1.1 nM, 1.5 nM, 2.2 nM, and 5.4 nM for Abl, PDGFRα, VEGFR2, FGFR1, and Src, respectively.
    Ponatinib (Standard)
  • HY-16397AR
    Phenformin hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Phenformin (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenformin (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenformin hydrochloride is an anti-diabetic agent from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.
    Phenformin hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-108766R
    Ponatinib hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ponatinib (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ponatinib (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ponatinib hydrochloride (AP24534 hydrochloride) is a hydrochloride of ponatinib. Ponatinib is an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.37 nM, 1.1 nM, 1.5 nM, 2.2 nM, and 5.4 nM for Abl, PDGFRα, VEGFR2, FGFR1, and Src, respectively.
    Ponatinib hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B1392R
    Esmolol hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Esmolol hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Esmolol hydrochloride (HY-B1392).This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Esmolol hydrochloride is an ultra-short-acting cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocker. Esmolol hydrochloride exerts its antiarrhythmic effect by activating Neurokinin 1 Receptoraldose reductase and the production of advanced glycation end products and promoting fibroblast migration. Esmolol hydrochloride can be used to study cardiac diseases such as arrhythmias and diabetic foot ulcers.
    Esmolol hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0495S5
    Lamotrigine-d3
    Lamotrigine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10205R
    Cediranib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cediranib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cediranib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cediranib (AZD2171) is a highly potent, orally available VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of <1, <3, 5, 5, 36, 2 nM for Flt1, KDR, Flt4, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, respectively.
    Cediranib (Standard)
  • HY-100263B
    Metofenazate (diethanesulfonate)
    Metofenazate diethanesulfonate is a selective calmodulin inhibitor.
    Metofenazate (diethanesulfonate)
  • HY-13748R
    Silybin A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Silybin A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Silybin A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Silybin A (Silibinin A), an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent, has been shown to exert multiple effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration.
    Silybin A (Standard)
  • HY-101744
    Ipsalazide
    Ipsalazide is a novel sulfasalazine analog designed to release 5-aminosalicylic acid and a nontoxic carrier molecule in the gastrointestinal tract.
    Ipsalazide
  • HY-N0370R
    Bergapten (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bergapten (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bergapten. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.
    Bergapten (Standard)
  • HY-17000R
    Tolvaptan (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tolvaptan (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tolvaptan. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tolvaptan is a selective, competitive and orally active vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R) antagonist with an IC50 of 1.28 μM for the inhibition of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced platelet aggregation. Tolvaptan induces cell apoposis and affects cell cycle. Tolvaptan can be used for the research of hyponatremia.
    Tolvaptan (Standard)
  • HY-N0221R
    Daurisoline (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Daurisoline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Daurisoline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Daurisoline is a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Menispermum dauricum and Rhizoma Menispermi. Daurisoline exerts a blocking effect on hERG and has antiarrhythmic effects. Daurisoline is a potent autophagy blocker that can be used for the research of cancer.
    Daurisoline (Standard)
  • HY-164479
    GA001
    		Inducer
    GA001 is a potent G9a antagonist, with an IC50 of 1.32 μM. GA001 induces autophagy and apoptosis that can be used for the breast cancer.
    GA001
  • HY-14376R
    Redafamdastat (Standard)
    Redafamdastat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Redafamdastat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Redafamdastat (PF-04457845) is a highly efficacious and selective FAAH inhibitor with IC50 values is 7.2±0.63 nM and 7.4±0.62 nM for hFAAH and rFAAH, respectively.
    Redafamdastat (Standard)
  • HY-15202S1
    Binimetinib-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Binimetinib-d3 (MEK162-d3) is deuterium labeled Binimetinib. Binimetinib (MEK162) is an oral and selective MEK1/2 inhibitor. Binimetinib (MEK162) inhibits MEK with an IC50 of 12 nM.
    Binimetinib-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-17504AS1
    Rosuvastatin-d6
    		Inducer
    Rosuvastatin-d6 (ZD 4522-d6) is deuterium labeled Rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin (ZD 4522) is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin potently blocks hERG current with an IC50 of 195 nM, delayed cardiac repolarization, and thereby prolonged action potential durations (APDs) and corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals. Rosuvastatin reduces the expression of the mature hERG and the interaction of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with the hERG protein. Rosuvastatin effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein levels.
    Rosuvastatin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0294R
    Flubendazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Flubendazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Flubendazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Flubendazole is an anthelmintic drug based on altering microtubule structure, inhibition of tubulin polymerization and disruption of microtubule function. Flubendazole induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC) by blocking the STAT3 signaling axis and activation of autophagy. Flubendazole induces P53 expression and reduced Cyclin B1 and p-cdc2 expression. Flubendazole is an antitumor agent. Flubendazole can be used for worm and intestinal parasites.
    Flubendazole (Standard)
  • HY-10295AR
    SB 202190 hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    SB 202190 (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of SB 202190 (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SB 202190 hydrochloride is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 hydrochloride binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 hydrochloride has anti-cancer activity. SB202190 hydrochloride induces autophagy.
    SB 202190 hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B1125S
    Glucosamine-13C6
    		Inducer
    Glucosamine-13C6 (D-Glucosamine-13C6) is 13C labeled Glucosamine. Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N0716
    Berberine
    		Modulator
    Berberine (Natural Yellow 18) is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine (Natural Yellow 18) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine (Natural Yellow 18) has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form (HY-N0716B) improves bioavailability.
    Berberine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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