2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N1318R
    Salvigenin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. Salvigenin inhibits H2O2-induced cell apoptosis.
    Salvigenin (Standard)
  • HY-13756S2
    Tacrolimus-d3
    		Inducer
    Tacrolimus-d3 (FK506-d3) is deuterium labeled Tacrolimus. Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.
    Tacrolimus-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-15531S1
    Venetoclax-d6
    		Inducer
    Venetoclax-d6 (ABT-199-d6) is deuterium labeled Venetoclax. Venetoclax (ABT-199; GDC-0199) is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Bcl-2 inhibitor with a Ki of less than 0.01 nM. Venetoclax induces autophagy.
    Venetoclax-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0960R
    Sulfabenzamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sulfabenzamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sulfabenzamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sulfabenzamide (N-Sulfanilylbenzamide) is an antimicrobial agent and usually consumed in combination with Sulfathiazole and Sulfacetamide. Sulfabenzamide is effective against Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains.
    Sulfabenzamide (Standard)
  • HY-50909R
    Perifosine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Perifosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Perifosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Perifosine is an oral Akt inhibitor which inhibits proliferation of different tumor cell lines with IC50s of 0.6-8.9 μM.
    Perifosine (Standard)
  • HY-50935R
    Troglitazone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Troglitazone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Troglitazone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC50s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.
    Troglitazone (Standard)
  • HY-N6979R
    Crustecdysone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Crustecdysone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Crustecdysone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Crustecdysone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone isolated from Serratula coronata which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods, it inhibits caspase activity and induces autophagy via the 20E nuclear receptor complex, EcR-USP. Crustecdysone exhibits regulatory or protective roles in the cardiovascular system. Crustecdysone is an active metabolite of Ecdysone (HY-N0179).
    Crustecdysone (Standard)
  • HY-N0914R
    Ajugol (Standard)
    		Agonist
    Ajugol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ajugol (HY-N0914). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ajugol is an orally active iridoid glycoside found in the traditional Chinese medicine Leonurus japonicus. Ajugol is an autophagy activator. Ajugol activates TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Ajugol also has anti-inflammatory effects. Ajugol has great potential in the research of asthma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis.
    Ajugol (Standard)
  • HY-W727893
    Taurine-15N
    		Inducer
    Taurine-15N (2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid-15N) is 15N labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes.
    Taurine-<sub>15<sub>N<sub>
  • HY-10261BR
    (E/Z)-Afatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (E/Z)-Afatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of (E/Z)-Afatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (E/Z)-Afatinib ((E/Z)-BIBW 2992) is the mixture of (E)-Afatinib and (Z)-Afatinib. Afatinib (HY-10261) is an irreversible inhibitor of EGFR, by irreversibly binding to their ATP binding site to block activation of EGFR, HER2, HER4, and EGFRvIII. Afatinib used in co-administration with Temozolomide (HY-17364), potently targeting to EGFRvIII-cMet signaling in glioblastoma cells.
    (E/Z)-Afatinib (Standard)
  • HY-B2184R
    Sofalcone (Standard)
    Sofalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sofalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sofalcone, a gastric antiulcer agent, is known to induce the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in gastric epithelium.
    Sofalcone (Standard)
  • HY-10963
    Momelotinib mesylate
    		Inhibitor
    Momelotinib mesylate (CYT387 mesylate) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2 with IC50 of 11 nM/18 nM, appr 10-fold selectivity versus JAK3.
    Momelotinib mesylate
  • HY-N10365
    6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine
    		Activator
    6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine, a alkaloid, significantly perturbates the features of cellular organelles including early endosomes, mitochondria and autophagosomes (Parkinson’s Disease patient-derived olfactory cells).
    6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-5,6-dihydrochelerythrine
  • HY-13515R
    Sirtinol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sirtinol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sirtinol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sirtinol is a sirtuin (SIRT) inhibitor, with IC50s of 48 μM, 57.7 μM and 131 μM for ySir2, hSIRT2 and hSIRT2, respectively.
    Sirtinol (Standard)
  • HY-12041R
    SP600125 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    SP600125 (Standard) is the analytical standard of SP600125. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SP600125 is an orally active, reversible, and ATP-competitive JNK inhibitor with IC50s of 40, 40 and 90 nM for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3, respectively. SP600125 is a potent ferroptosis inhibitor. SP600125 induces the transformation of bladder cancer cells from autophagy to apoptosis.
    SP600125 (Standard)
  • HY-15174R
    Dactolisib Tosylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dactolisib (Tosylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dactolisib (Tosylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) is a dual PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 4, 75, 7, 5 nM for PI3Kα, β, γ, δ, respectively. Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Dactolisib Tosylate (Standard)
  • HY-10256R
    Adezmapimod (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adezmapimod (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adezmapimod. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adezmapimod (SB 203580) is a selective and ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 500 nM for SAPK2a/p38 and SAPK2b/p38β2, respectively. Adezmapimod inhibits LCK, GSK3β and PKBα with IC50s of 100-500-fold higher than that for SAPK2a/p38. Adezmapimod can inhibit p38 MAPK and lead to the inhibition of downstream HSP27 phosphorylation. Adezmapimod does not disrupt JNK activity and is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Adezmapimod (Standard)
  • HY-B2098R
    Lucanthone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lucanthone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lucanthone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lucanthone is an endonuclease inhibitor of Apurinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1).
    Lucanthone (Standard)
  • HY-10284R
    Linagliptin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Linagliptin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linagliptin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linagliptin is a highly potent, selective DPP-4 inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM.
    Linagliptin (Standard)
  • HY-16685
    AGN 205327
    AGN 205327 is a potent synthetic RARs agonist with EC50 of 3766/734/32 nM for RARα/β/γ respectively; no inhibition on RXR.
    AGN 205327
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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