2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12033R
    2-Methoxyestradiol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    2-Methoxyestradiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2-Methoxyestradiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol (Standard)
  • HY-17386S1
    Rosiglitazone-d4
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone-d4 is deuterated labeled Rosiglitazone (HY-17386). Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone is an TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-15886R
    Mdivi-1 (Standard)
    Mdivi-1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mdivi-1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mdivi-1 is a selective dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) inhibitor. Mdivi-1 is a mitochondrial division/mitophagy inhibitor.
    Mdivi-1 (Standard)
  • HY-B0180C
    Imiquimod dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod (R 837) dihydrochloride, an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod dihydrochloride
  • HY-13596R
    Cisatracurium besylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cisatracurium (besylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cisatracurium (besylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cisatracurium besylate (51W89) is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.
    Cisatracurium besylate (Standard)
  • HY-N1399R
    Androsin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Androsin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Androsin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Androsin is an active compound isolated from Picrorhiza Kurroa Royle ex Benth. Androsin activates AMPKα/PI3K/Beclin1/LC3 signaling pathway, inhibits SREBP1c/FASN signaling pathway. Androsin can be used in research of asthma and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Androsin is orally active.
    Androsin (Standard)
  • HY-164468
    Ch282-5
    Ch282-5 is an orally active inhibitor targeting the Bcl-2 protein, inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis (Apoptosis) by disrupting mitophagy and the mTOR pathway. Ch282-5 exhibits antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and it also inhibits metastasis. Additionally, Ch282-5 enhances Oxaliplatin (HY-17371)-induced autophagy (Autophagy) by downregulating the Mcl-1 protein and increasing platelet count, alleviating adverse effects of Navitoclax (HY-10087).
    Ch282-5
  • HY-B0102S
    Fluoxetine-d6
    		Inducer
    Fluoxetine-d6 (LY-110140 (free base)-d6) is deuterium labeled Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (LY-110140 free base) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class used for antidepressant research.
    Fluoxetine-d<sub>6<sub>
  • HY-W653970
    5-Azacytidine-15N4
    		Inducer
    5-Azacytidine-15N4 is 13C and 15N labeled 5-Azacytidine. 5-Azacytidine (Azacitidine; 5-AzaC; Ladakamycin) is a nucleoside analogue of cytidine that specifically inhibits DNA methylation. 5-Azacytidine is incorporated into DNA to covalently trap DNA methyltransferases and contributes to reverse epigenetic changes. 5-Azacytidine induces cell autophagy.
    5-Azacytidine-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-16562R
    Irinotecan (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Irinotecan (Standard) is the analytical standard of Irinotecan. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Irinotecan ((+)-Irinotecan) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor, preventing religation of the DNA strand by binding to topoisomerase I-DNA complex.
    Irinotecan (Standard)
  • HY-100490AR
    Rilmenidine hemifumarate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rilmenidine (hemifumarate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rilmenidine (hemifumarate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rilmenidine hemifumarate, an innovative antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine hemifumarate is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine hemifumarate induces autophagy. Rilmenidine hemifumarate acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine hemifumarate modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells .
    Rilmenidine hemifumarate (Standard)
  • HY-13017S4
    Ivacaftor-13C6
    Ivacaftor-13C6 (VX-770-13C6) is 13C labeled Ivacaftor. Ivacaftor (VX-770) is a potent and orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator, targeting G551D-CFTR and F508del-CFTR with EC50s of 100 nM and 25 nM, respectively.
    Ivacaftor-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-17507R
    Pantoprazole (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole (Standard)
  • HY-10940R
    Pifithrin-μ (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pifithrin-μ (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pifithrin-μ. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pifithrin-μ is an inhibitor of p53 and HSP70, with antitumor and neuroprotective activity.
    Pifithrin-μ (Standard)
  • HY-W779021
    Adenosine-15N
    		Inducer
    Adenosine-15N (Adenine riboside-15N) is 15N labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine-<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-14652R
    Tamibarotene (Standard)
    Tamibarotene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tamibarotene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tamibarotene is an orally active retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) agonist, showing high selectivity over RARγ.
    Tamibarotene (Standard)
  • HY-B0107A
    Acitretin sodium
    Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) sodium is a second-generation, systemic retinoid that has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. Acitretin sodium also can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease.
    Acitretin sodium
  • HY-110189R
    Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pregnenolone monosulfate (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pregnenolone monosulfate (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate sodium) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels.
    Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium (Standard)
  • HY-13757R
    Tamoxifen Citrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tamoxifen (Citrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tamoxifen (Citrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tamoxifen Citrate (ICI 46474) is an orally active, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which blocks estrogen action in breast cells and can activate estrogen activity in other cells, such as bone, liver, and uterine cells.Tamoxifen Citrate is a potent Hsp90 activator and enhances the Hsp90 molecular chaperone ATPase activity. Tamoxifen Citrate also potent inhibits infectious EBOV Zaire and Marburg (MARV) with IC50 of 0.1 μM and 1.8 μM, respectively. Tamoxifen Citrate activates autophagy and induces apoptosis.Tamoxifen Citrate also can induce gene knockout of CreER(T2) transgenic mouse.
    Tamoxifen Citrate (Standard)
  • HY-13551R
    Amsacrine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Amsacrine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amsacrine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Amsacrine (m-AMSA; acridinyl anisidide) is an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, and acts as an antineoplastic agent which can intercalates into the DNA of tumor cells.
    Amsacrine (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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